Laboratory-based ergometry for swimmers: a narrative review

INTRODUCTION: First widely available dry-land training machines for swimmers were introduced about 40 years ago. They were designed so that swimmers could perform resistance exercise whilst more-closely replicating the movements of swimming, than when using other gymnasium-based resistance training machines. This narrative review categorises and summarises what has been shown by the studies that have utilised laboratory-based ergometry for swimmers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and Scopus (1970-2018) and relevant publications were included. Publications were grouped into 4 main areas of research: (i) physiological responses to exercise, (ii) functional evaluation of swimmers, (iii) monitoring of training, and (iv) muscular work output of swimmers. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Significant differences were showed between swim bench exercise and real swimming, especially in regard to the muscles involved. The difficulties of accurate reproduction of the movements and coordinated dynamic actions of swimming have not been overcome. Nevertheless, the literature shows that the use of these devices has provided a valuablecontribution to swimming physiology, while overcoming difficulties presented by attempting to make physiological measurements in the water. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of its limitations, laboratory-based ergometry has allowed a valuable contribution to the understanding of the physiology, effects of training and efficiency of swimming

Effects of dry-land strength training on swimming performance: a brief review

This article provides a brief review over the state of art concerning dry-land training for swimmers. It is important to understand the role of muscular strength for swimming performance and how it might be improved. Firstly, this article analyzes the relationships between strength or power assessment in dry-land and swimming performance. Secondly, the results of studies aiming to evaluate the influence of dry-land strength training to swimming performance improvement are presented. These results allow coaches to realize the benefits that may be obtained by an appropriate strength training program, according to gender and level

Hydrate Deposition on Cold Pipe Walls in Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion Systems

Hydrate deposition is a major concern in the oil and gas industry. This paper studies the hydrate deposition mechanisms in water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion systems using a high-pressure flow loop. The experimental results indicate that the hydrate deposition process can be divided into four stages: the initial formation and deposition, deposit sloughing, secondary formation and redeposition, and deposit annealing. For the first time, a method to quantify hydrate deposits is proposed. The results show that a low temperature , high pressure, high additive concentration, and low water cut decrease the amount of hydrate deposits. The hydrate deposition amount first increase and then decrease with an increasing flow rate. The experimental results demonstrate that the hydrate deposition process is affected by the hydrate formation driving force, wall surface properties, adhesive water amount, mass-transfer coefficient, and flow shear force