Implementación de un sistema fotovoltaico para un laboratorio de cómputo en el colegio nacional “Coloso y Emblemático Jaén De Bracamoros – Jaén - Cajamarca

La presente tesis tuvo como objetivo general implementar un sistema fotovoltaico para un Laboratorio de Cómputo en el Colegio Nacional “Coloso y Emblemático Jaén de Bracamoros – Jaén – Cajamarca. Con la finalidad de promover el uso de las energías no convencionales (energía solar) disminuir el impacto ambiental negativo producido por las energías convencionales. El tipo de investigación fue aplicada, luego de realizar la toma de datos y los cálculos se obtuvo lo siguiente: La energía eléctrica promedio diaria necesaria para el laboratorio de cómputo del Colegio es de: 8 986,48 Wh/día. La máxima demanda coincide con la potencia instalada y tiene un valor de: 1 711,71 W. Se determinó la radiación solar considerando 03 fuentes de radiación solar: El atlas de radiación solar del Perú del cual se obtuvo un valor promedio de radio solar de: 4,75 kWh/m 2 /día. Del software Meteonorm se obtuvo un valor de 5,50 kWh/m 2 /día. Del software Solarius Plus se obtuvo un valor de 6,15 kWh/m 2 /día. Se consideró el menor de los tres datos es decir 4,75 kWh/m 2 /día. el sistema fotovoltaico estará conformado por 24 paneles fotovoltaicos de la marca SIMAX de 150 Wp de potencia pico cada uno, 12 baterías RITAR de 200 A.h, 01 regulador de carga Blue Solar de 150/70, 01 inversor de 2 500 W. La potencia de captación del generador fotovoltaico es de 3,6 kWp. Finalmente se elaboró el presupuesto del sistema fotovoltaico requiriendo una inversión total de S/. 63 747,63. En el análisis Viabilidad del proyecto considerando el apoyo de la UGEL CAJAMARCA, se obtuvo un VAN de S/. 2 058,81 a una tasa del 15 % para un horizonte de 20 años con una TIR de 21%

Sistematização de Alternativas Pedagógicas: campo de problemas, eixos de análise e experiência

The Latin American school system was always accompanied by questioning and alternative educational experiences and pedagogical approaches, in this article an initial approach to the field of the systematization of pedagogical experiences is presented. The theoretical-methodological proposal that APPeAL has built to recover the memory, the knowledge, the practices and the future project of the communities for the formation of the new generations is reviewed. The axes of analysis are presented to characterize the trends of education in Latin America and to exemplify, a systematization exercise is approached from the proposal of the Oaxacan teachers.El sistema escolar latinoamericano estuvo siempre acompañado por experiencias educativas y planteamientos pedagógicos cuestionadores y alternativos, en este artículo se presenta una aproximación inicial al campo de la sistematización de experiencias pedagógicas. Se revisa la propuesta teórico-metodológica que APPeAL ha construido para recuperar la memoria, los saberes, las prácticas y el proyecto de futuro de las comunidades para la formación de las nuevas generaciones. Se presentan los ejes de análisis para caracterizar las tendencias de la educación en América Latina y para ejemplificar, se aborda un ejercicio de sistematización a partir de la propuesta del magisterio oaxaqueño.O sistema escolar latino-americano foi acompanhado sempre por questionamentos e experiências educativas alternativas e abordagens pedagógicas, neste artigo apresenta-se uma abordagem inicial ao campo da sistematização de experiências pedagógicas. Revisita-se a proposta teórico-metodológica que a APPeAL construiu para resgatar a memória, os saberes, as práticas e o projeto de futuro das comunidades para a formação das novas gerações. Apresentam-se os eixos de análise para caracterizar as tendências da educação na América Latina e para exemplificar, um exercício de sistematização é abordado a partir da proposta dos professores de Oaxaca

Sistematización de Alternativas Pedagógicas

El sistema escolar latinoamericano estuvo siempre acompañado por experiencias educativas y planteamientos pedagógicos cuestionadores y alternativos, en este artículo se presenta una aproximación inicial al campo de la sistematización de experiencias pedagógicas. Se revisa la propuesta teórico-metodológica que APPeAL ha construido para recuperar la memoria, los saberes, las prácticas y el proyecto de futuro de las comunidades para la formación de las nuevas generaciones. Se presentan los ejes de análisis para caracterizar las tendencias de la educación en América Latina y para ejemplificar, se aborda un ejercicio de sistematización a partir de la propuesta del magisterio oaxaqueño

Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Praktik tentang Contact Tracing Covid-19

Pendahuluan: Berdasarkan identifikasi dan analisis masalah, peneliti menemukan kurang maksimalnya pelaksanaan tracing COVID-19 sebagai prioritas masalah. Per bulan Juli 2021, dari 416 kasus aktif di Kec. Bogor Selatan, hanya terdapat 13 kontak erat saja yang tercatat. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan, sikap, dan praktik terkait pelaksanaan tracing COVID-19 pada Masyarakat Kelurahan Muarasari serta melakukan upaya intervensi untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional dan dianalisis secara univariat dan bivariat pada Juli-Oktober 2021. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh masyarakat Muarasari sedangkan sampel penelitian ini merupakan masyarakat berusia lebih dari 20 tahun selain nakes. Penyelenggaraan intervensi dilakukan melalui zoom meeting dan whatsapp grup bertema “Jadilah PAHLAWAN : Bantu putus rantai penularan Covid-19”. Hasil dan Pembahasan: Hasil diperoleh dari 31 orang responden kuesioner sebelum intervensi menunjukkan tingkat pengetahuan yang baik sebesar 83.9%, sikap positif 90.3%, dan perilaku cukup 77.4%. Uji bivariat hanya menghasilkan pendapatan pribadi yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan pengetahuan terkait tracing COVID-19. Terjadi peningkatan proporsi responden berpengetahuan cukup 6% dan sikap positif 10% (p<0.05). Kesimpulan dan Saran: Tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, perilaku masyarakat sudah cukup baik.  Intervensi telah mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat. Permasalahan tracing yang rendah kemungkinan tidak hanya bersumber dari kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat, SDM yang kurang juga berpotensi menghambat pelaksanaan pelacakan kontak sehingga diperlukan tenaga tracer yang memadai.Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan; Sikap; Praktik; Pelacakan Kontak; COVID-1

Risiko Penyebab Kejadian Stunting pada Anak

Pendahuluan: Stunting adalah gangguan tumbuh kembang yang dialami anak akibat gizi buruk, infeksi berulang, dan stimulasi psikososial yang tidak memadai. Beberapa faktor penyebab stunting yaitu praktik pemberian kolostrum dan ASI eksklusif, pola konsumsi anak, dan penyakit infeksi, akses dan ketersediaan bahan makanan serta sanitasi dan kesehatan lingkungan. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan univariat, bivariat dan metode USG dalam melakukan analisis masalah.  Hasil: Hasil analisis faktor risiko dengan kejadian stunting diperoleh 5 faktor penyebab dengan tiga faktor utama di Kelurahan Muarasari yaitu ASI Eksklusif, pola makan dan pengetahuan ibu. Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar anak dari responden tidak pernah menderita stunting (76,7%) dan sisanya sebanyak 7 anak (23,3%) mengalami stunting. Secara analisis bivariat tidak ada variabel yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian stunting karena jumlah responden yang sedikit. Namun, berdasarkan kajian metode USG diperoleh tiga masalah utama yaitu ASI Eksklusif, pola makan dan pengetahuan ibu. Kata kunci: Faktor risiko stunting, Muarasari, stuntin

Ekstraksi Batang Physalis Angulata dengan Air Subkritik

Physalis angulata adalah jenis tanaman obat yang dikenal dalam pengobatan tradisional sejak zaman dahulu. Secara klinis, tanaman ini terbukti memiliki banyak kandungan bioaktif. Dalam pengobatan tradisional, masyarakat merebus semua bagian dari tanaman ini dan kemudian diambil airnya untuk diminum. Pada penelitian ini, batang physalis angulata adalah bagian yang diteliti untuk diekstrak dengan menggunakan air subkritik. Meskipun terbukti bahwa physalis angulata memiliki banyak kandungan bioaktif, belum ada penelitian yang detail tentang cara ekstraksi tanaman ini. Kebanyakan ekstrak diambil dengan menggunakan pelarut organik (methanol, ethanol) dengan menggunakan metode maserasi.Air dalam kondisi biasa yang merupakan pelarut polar, ternyata bersifat kurang polar pada suhu dan tekanan tinggi dan bisa diatur kepolarannya menyerupai pelarut organik dengan mengubah suhu dan tekanannya. Sehingga keunikan air ini digunakan dalam ekstraksi yang disebut subcritical water extraction atau pressurized water extraction (ekstraksi dengan fluida subkritik). Pada penelitian ini, batang physalis angulata diekstrak dengan menggunakan metode ekstraksi subkritik. Variabel yang diteliti adalah suhu, tekanan dan waktu reaksi. Ekstrak yang diperoleh dianalisis kandungannya dan diuji aktivitas antioksidannya dengan metode DPPH. Penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi penelitian awal untuk menguji keefektifan metode ekstraksi subkritik untuk mengambil komponen bioaktif dari physalis angulata

Identifying a Novel Role for Fractalkine (CX3CL1) in Memory CD8(+) T Cell Accumulation in the Omentum of Obesity-Associated Cancer Patients

The omentum is enriched with pro-inflammatory effector memory CD8+ T cells in patients with the obesity-associated malignancy, esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (EAC) and we have identified the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha as a key player in their active migration to this inflamed tissue. More recently, others have established that subsets of memory CD8+ T cells can be classified based on their surface expression of CX3CR1; the specific receptor for the inflammatory chemokine fractalkine. CD8+ T cells expressing intermediate levels (CX3CR1INT) are defined as peripheral memory, those expressing the highest levels (CX3CR1HI) are effector memory/terminally differentiated and those lacking CX3CR1 (CX3CR1NEG) are classified as central memory. To date, the fractalkine:CX3CR1 axis has not been examined in the context of CD8+ T cell enrichment in the omentum and here we examine this chemokines involvement in the accumulation of memory CD8+ T cells in the omentum of EAC patients. Our data show that fractalkine is significantly enriched in the omentum of EAC patients and drives migration of T cells derived from EAC patient blood. Furthermore, CX3CR1 is endocytosed specifically by CD8+ T cells upon encountering fractalkine, which is consistent with the significantly diminished frequencies of CX3CR1INT and CX3CR1HI CD8+ T cells in the fractalkine-rich environment of omentum in EAC, relative to matched blood. Fractalkine-mediated endocytosis of CX3CR1 by CD8+ T cells is sustained and is followed by enhanced surface expression of L-selectin (CD62L). These novel data align with our findings that circulating CX3CR1NEG CD8+ T cells express higher levels of L-selectin than CX3CR1INT CD8+ T cells. This is consistent with previous reports and implicates fractalkine in the conversion of CX3CR1INT CD8+ T cells to a CX3CR1NEG phenotype characterized by alterations in the migratory capacity of these T cells. For the first time, these findings identify fractalkine as a driver of T cell migration to the omentum in EAC and indicate that CD8+ T cells undergo sequenced fractalkine-mediated alterations in CX3CR1 and L-selectin expression. These data implicate fractalkine as more than a chemotactic cytokine in obesity-associated meta-inflammation and reveal a role for this chemokine in the maintenance of the CX3CR1NEG CD8+ T cell populations

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

PERDAGANGAN LADA DI SUNDA ABAD XVI

This article examines the pepper trade carried out by the Sunda Kingdom in the 16th century. The topic of pepper trade was chosen because pepper was one of the main commodities that played an important role in the economy and international relations of the Sunda Kingdom. The main aim of this research is to examine the role of pepper as the main commodity of the Sunda Kingdom on the social and economic relations of the Sunda Kingdom. The research method used is historical research which consists of five stages, namely topic selection, heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This research is intended to examine (1) the Sunda Kingdom and the pepper trade, (2) the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, (3) Javanese geopolitics in the 16th century, (4) the 16th century pepper trade. The Sunda Kingdom had an agricultural and maritime character, with a focus on agriculture inland and trade in coastal areas. This kingdom planted pepper in the interior, which was then distributed to the big cities owned by the Sunda Kingdom for trade. The research results indicate that the pepper produced by the Sunda Kingdom is of high quality. This attracted the attention of the Portuguese to establish diplomatic relations. However, these efforts were thwarted by strong resistance from local kingdoms, especially Demak. The strategic position of the Sunda Kingdom in the maritime trade network is reflected in its extensive economic interactions, including trade relations with China, Malacca, and others. The diversity of networks and intensity of trade emphasize the influence of pepper in determining the political and economic situation of that time.Artikel ini mengkaji perdagangan lada yang dilakukan oleh Kerajaan Sunda pada abad 16. Topik perdagangan lada dipilih karena lada merupakan salah satu komoditas utama yang memainkan peran penting dalam perekonomian dan hubungan internasional Kerajaan Sunda. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji peran lada sebagai komoditas utama Kerajaan Sunda terhadap hubungan sosial dan ekonomi Kerajaan Sunda. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari lima tahap, yaitu pemilihan topik, heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji (1) Kerajaan Sunda dan perdagangan lada, (2) Kedatangan Portugis di Malaka, (3) Geopolitik Jawa abad 16, (4) Perdagangan lada abad 16. Kerajaan Sunda memiliki karakter agraris dan maritim, dengan fokus pada pertanian di pedalaman dan perdagangan di wilayah pesisir. Kerajaan ini menanam lada pada wilayah pedalaman, yang kemudian didistribusikan pada bandar bandar besar yang dimiliki Kerajaan Sunda untuk diperdagangkan. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukan bahwa lada yang dihasilkan Kerajaan Sunda merupakan lada yang memiliki kualitas yang baik. Sehingga, menarik perhatian Portugis untuk menjalin hubungan diplomatik.&nbsp; Namun, upaya tersebut dicegah oleh perlawanan kuat dari kerajaan-kerajaan lokal terutama Demak. Posisi strategis Kerajaan Sunda dalam jaringan perdagangan maritim tercermin dari luasnya interaksi ekonomi, termasuk hubungan dagang dengan China, Malaka, dan lainnya. Keragaman jaringan dan intensitas perdagangan ini menegaskan pengaruh lada dalam menentukan situasi politik dan ekonomi pada masa itu

The role and treatment potential of natural killer T (NKT) cells in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancers

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), squamous cell carcinoma (SSC) and gastric cancers (GAC), collectively cause over 1.3 million deaths worldwide reported in 2018. Current therapeutic regimens focus on chemo-radiotherapy prior to surgery, however, only 20-30% of patients respond to treatment. Therefore, new treatments are urgently required. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells with semi-invariant T cell receptors that recognise glycolipids presented by CD1d. iNKT cells have antitumour activities that are currently being tested as cellular therapies iNKT cell frequencies were quantified in pre- and post-treatment blood and omentum from 152 patients with GAC, SCC or OAC by flow cytometry. They were found to be depleted in peripheral blood from GAC, SCC and OAC patients compared to controls. Omentum had higher frequencies of iNKT cells in the cancer patients compared to blood. These findings suggest that iNKT cells may mediate immunity against GAC, SSC and OAC and that the omentum could be a source of cells for use in adoptive cell therapy. Since clinical trials involving iNKT cells in other cancers have to date shown limited clinical efficacy, we investigated if the antitumour activities of these cells could be improved by coordinating treatment with current chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens or by the use of alternative glycolipid ligands. iNKT cells were isolated from healthy donor blood samples and expanded in vitro. They were treated with various concentrations of cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil for 24 or 48h or irradiated with a single dose of 2 Gy or 10 Gy or five fractionated doses of 2 Gy. Cells were then assayed for viability, apoptotic markers, or co-cultured with CD1d transfected HeLa cells pulsed with the iNKT cell agonist ligand, ?-galactosylceramide (?-GalCer), for assays of cytolytic degranulation and intracellular cytokine, granzyme B and perforin production. Cisplatin, 5-FU, carboplatin, paclitaxel and radiation exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of iNKT cell viability. Cisplatin also inhibited degranulation and IFN-?, but not IL-4, production by viable iNKT cells. While 5-FU, carboplatin, paclitaxel and radiation increased apoptosis of iNKT cells, it did not affect activation. A number of synthetic glycolipids analogues of ?-GalCer were also tested for their ability to bind to CD1d-transfected HeLa cells and activate the antitumour activities of iNKT cells. One novel glycolipid, XZ7, induced cytolytic degranulation and IFN-? production by CD8+ and double negative iNKT cells, suggesting that it may be superior to ?-GalCer as a lead compound for activating the antitumour activities of iNKT cells. We also tested for the presence of non-invariant (type II) NKT cells reactive against a number of glycolipids that were previously shown to bind to CD1d and stimulate T cells, in OAC patients and control subjects. OAC patients had higher frequencies of sulfatide and tetramyristoyl-cardiolipin (TO CL)-specific T cells compared to controls. Most of these cells expressed the V?1 T cell receptor. TO CL induced the production of transforming growth factor-? by expanded V?1 T cells in vitro. Low iNKT cell and high type II NKT cell numbers may predispose individuals to upper gastrointestinal cancers and boosting iNKT cell numbers may have therapeutic value. However, exposure to systemic chemotherapy can negatively affect their functions and should be considered when developing iNKT cell-based immunotherapies