Culturas patrimoniales y patrimonios culturales en Europa. De la variedad política en el tratamiento de las músicas

El “patrimonio cultural inmaterial” o intangible es un concepto desarrollado a finales del siglo XX en Europa e implementado legalmente ya en el XXI en España. En este ensayo se repasan los comienzos de la discusión académica sobre la pertinencia de proteger el patrimonio musical y sobre las especificidades de la protección de lo intangible. También se muestran algunas contradicciones entre lo patrimonial, lo inmaterial y sus dimensiones políticas. Finalmente, se proponen algunas sugerencias para abordar con éxito la protección de la cultura inmaterial a través de las normas existentes. Los ejemplos que se muestran están especialmente centrados en la música, en Asturias, y en la normativa oficial sobre “bienes de interés cultural” . En todos se puede apreciar, sin embargo, la permeabilidad de las fronteras, la variedad de interpretaciones y los muchos matices políticos. Y esto es así porque, aunque la norma que ampara es europea, los diferentes procedimientos que posibilitan ese reconocimiento europeo comienzan con las normas locales, regionales o nacionales.The concept of “ Intangible cultural heritage” has been developed since the end of the 20th century in Europe and legally implemented in Spain in the 21st. This article examines the beginnings of the academic discussion on the pertinence of protecting musical heritage, as well as the specificities of the protection of the intangible. The contradictions between heritage, the intangible, and its political dimensions are also discussed. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to successfully address the protection of intangible culture through existing standards. The examples shown are especially centered on music, on Asturias, and on the official regulations about "cultural property". In all cases, however, we can also see the permeability of the borders, the variety of interpretations and the many political nuances. And this is so because, although the standard is European, the different procedures that enable this European recognition begin with local, regional or national regulations

Tradición oral e investigación. Reestudio de un trabajo de campo

The importance of the position of the writer/researcher has been discussed many times in Social Sciences, from Lévi-Strauss in Le pensée sauvage or Anthropologie Structurale, to James Clifford in Writing Cultures. This discussion responds to diverse epistemological doubts which appear from the real fact of the subjective observation (dynamic movements of the observer and the observed, displacements...), and the necessity of clarifying the process of "translation": some actors from a culture are investigated by researchers which are from other cultures, besides, their thoughts are translated to the language of certain disciplines. Thus, the "ethnographic authority" is another subject of discussion. All these matters, very common in Anthropology, are not so current in Ethnomusicology at the present time, and they are specially urgent when we try to examine from a diachronic perspective different researches about traditional musics.Se ha discutido muchas veces en ciencias sociales sobre la importancia de especificar la posición desde la que habla/escribe el investigador, desde Lévi-Strauss en Le penseé sauvage o Anthropologie Structurale, hasta James Clifford en Writting Cultures. Esta discusión responde a las diversas dudas epistemológicas que surgen tanto de la constatación de la subjetividad en la observación (posiciones dinámicas del observador y de los actores, desplazamientos...), como de la necesidad de clarificar el proceso de «traducción»: unos actores de una cultura son estudiados por investigadores de otras culturas, y sus pensamientos traducidos según el lenguaje de ciertas disciplinas. La «autoridad etnográfica» es así un sujeto más de discusión. Estas discusiones, plenamente vigentes en antropología, no siempre se han aplicado en otras disciplinas. En etnomusicología, se hacen especialmente urgentes cuando se trata de examinar críticamente desde una perspectiva diacrónica las distintas investigaciones sobre las músicas tradicionales

Eduardo Martínez Torner y la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios en España

The Asturian musicologist E. M. Torner (Oviedo 1888- London 1955) was the first scholar working with music in a Spanish research center of international scope in Europe. The fieldwork materials he collected, investigation, courses given, and outreach activities and collaborations at the Center of Historical Studies (CEH) of the JAE (1910-1939), comprise a large amount of oral literature and music materials. Furthermore, the vast amount of unpublished work, and the ostracism to which he was condemned while living in exile and after his death, until the end of Franco’s dictatorship, may show to contemporary researchers that his legacy was much more transcendent than acknowledged –especially during the 1930s– not only in the academic field but at a popular level as well. This article deals with his early approach to the JAE, the research he undertook there, and the outreach activities carried out until his exile in the UK. An exile forced by his strong political support of Spain’s Second Republic.El asturiano E. M. Torner (1888-1955) fue el primer musicólogo en integrarse en un organismo de investigación científica de dimensión nacional en España e internacional en Europa. Sus trabajos de recogida, investigaciones, cursos y actividades de divulgación o colaboraciones desde el Centro de Estudios Históricos de la JAE (1910-1939) dejaron una monumental obra de colección y sistematización de materiales musicales y literarios de tradición oral. Asimismo, la gran cantidad de materiales que dejó inéditos, y el ostracismo desarrollado en torno a su figura durante su exilio y posterior muerte, hasta el fin de la dictadura franquista, inducen a pensar a los investigadores que su labor fue mucho más trascendente, especialmente en la década de 1930, tanto a nivel popular como académico. Aquí se relatará su ingreso en la JAE, las investigaciones desarrolladas por él allí, y las actividades de divulgación que llevó a cabo hasta su exilio en Gran Bretaña –exilio debido a sus fuertes lazos políticos con la Segunda República

Luis Díaz Viana, Miedos de hoy. Leyendas urbanas y otras pesadillas de la sobremodernidad, Salamanca, Editorial Amarante, 2017, 241 pp.

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Design and evaluation of a graphical user interface for facilitating expert knowledge transfer: a teleoperation case study

Nowadays, teleoperation systems are increasingly used for the training of specific skills to carry out complex tasks in dangerous environments. One of the challenges of these systems is to ensure that the time it takes for users to acquire these skills is as short as possible. For this, the user interface must be intuitive and easy to use. This document describes the design and evaluation of a graphical user interface so that a non-expert user could use a teleoperated system intuitively and without excessive training time. To achieve our goal, we use a user-centered design process model. To evaluate the interface, we use our own methodology and the results allow improving its usability.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

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Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. Methods: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015. Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years, 65 to 80 years, and = 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. Results: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 = 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients =80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%, 65 years; 20.5%, 65-79 years; 31.3%, =80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%, <65 years;30.1%, 65-79 years;34.7%, =80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%, =80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age = 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI = 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88), and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared, the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. Conclusion: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age = 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI), and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group