La construcción de la identidad y profesionalización de los docentes noveles de la ESO, a través de un estudio experimental

La formación inicial del profesorado de Educación Secundaria está pendiente de ser afrontada por la Administración, después de las tres reformas educativas que se han llevado a cabo desde la LOGSE (1990) a la LOE (2006), tras dieciséis años de permanentes cambios.Esta situación confusa se ha prolongado en exceso y en estos momentos la demanda de cambio de los estudios superiores, para adecuarnos a Bolonia 2010, es una inmejorable oportunidad para finalizar una etapa obsoleta y abrir nuevas vías para profesionalizar nuevos docentes de Educación Secundaria, para hacerlos protagonistas en la construcción de una sociedad más flexible y educada, que garantice la equidad en un desarrollo más humano.Esta investigación, se inspira en el paradigma emergente, síntesis de todos los esfuerzos anteriores. La metodología utilizada ha sido participativa y holística y, para ello, hemos trabajado con diferentes instrumentos: cuestionarios autocomplimentados, entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos de discusión, historias de vida y cuestionarios DAFO y MAREA.Primeramente, nos propusimos descubrir las necesidades del profesorado en los inicios profesionales, así como definir los procesos de desarrollo de las competencias claves de los buenos usos docentes que son necesarias para afrontar y ejercer en el futuro con una docencia de cualidad.Las aportaciones de los alumnos de los cursos CAP (Certificado de Aptitud Pedagógica) y CCP (Curso de Cualificación Pedagógica), así como del alumnado de educación secundaria, el profesorado, las organizaciones sindicales, las asociaciones de padres y madres y el profesorado de diferentes cursos de formación inicial, son las fuentes de la información desde las que hemos obtenido los datos para recapacitar sobre la identidad docente y su desarrollo profesional.Sin duda existen muchos aspectos que despiertan nuestro interés, en relación al futuro profesorado, como:• Aprendiz de docente.• Profesional• Gestor del currículum.• Mediador en el aula.• Colaborador con el centro, las familias y el contexto.• Profesional capaz de regular el proceso de balance de su competencia profesional.• Profesor novel al que se le ofrece el andamiaje necesario gracias al sistema de mentorazgo.• Guía psicopedagógic

Effects of metamitron under different relative humidity conditions on the fruit abscission of Malus domestica Borkh. cultivars

Metamitron is an apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit thinner that acts by reducing the photosynthetic capacityof trees. Relativehumiditymayinfluence thinningefficacy; however, thebroadness of this effect is not yet fully understood. Trials were set in Sint-Truiden (Belgium) in 2018 and Lleida and Girona (Spain) in 2019, using 4-year-old cvs. Braeburn and Elstar trees in Belgium, and 16-year-old cv. GoldenReinders trees in Spain. Four treatmentswere implemented at the stage of 12–14mmfruit diameter: (a) CTR—control, trees under natural environmental conditions; (b) HH—high humidity, trees submitted to artificially increased air relative humidity applied for 3 h prior to the beginning of the experiment; (c)MET—trees sprayedwith 247.5mg/Lmetamitron; (d)MET + HH—trees submitted to the combination of increased humidity (HH) and metamitron (MET) application. In Belgium, metamitron absorption by leaves was greater than in Spain. This might be related to morphological characteristics of the leaves which developed under greater natural relative humidity levels in Belgium than in Spain. Compared to MET alone, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Elstar’ demonstrated significantly greater metamitron absorption, 59% and 84%, respectively, underMET + HH, accompanied by declines in leaf net photosynthesis (10% and 32%, respectively) and sucrose (31% and 26%, respectively). At harvest,MET + HH treatment reduced yield by 24% and 32% in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Elstar’, respectively, when compared withMET alone. A large reduction (considered over thinning) in the yield of ‘Elstar’ occurred. In contrast,metamitron absorption by ‘Golden Reinders’ usingMET alone was similar toMET + HH; however, there was a slight foliar sugar reduction in the latter treatment. In addition, both treatments enhanced shoot growth and increased fruit abscission with similar improvements in fruit weight and size. In this study, high relative humidity enhanced fruit thinning efficacy under certain circumstances, such as age or genetic predisposal, which left the tree more susceptible to a negative carbohydrate balance. For instance, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Elstar’ were easier to thin when compared to ‘Golden Reinders’. In addition, this study raises a question that requires further research regarding the impact of HH before and after spraying as well as its effect in combination with higher temperaturesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Metamitron and Shade Effects on Leaf Physiology and Thinning Efficacy of Malus × domestica Borkh

Thinning strategies, namely shade or photosynthetic inhibitors, rely on the reduction of carbon supply to the fruit below the demand, causing fruit abscission. In order to clarify the subject, seven field trials were carried out in Lleida, Girona, and Sint-Truiden (2017 + 2018), using orchards of ‘Golden’ and ‘Gala’ apple trees. At the stage of 9–14-mm fruit diameter, four treatments were implemented: (A) CTR-control, trees under natural environmental conditions; (B) SN-shaded trees, trees above which shading nets reducing 50% of irradiance were installed 24 h after metamitron application date—without application of metamitron—and removed after five days; (C) MET-trees sprayed with 247.5 ppm of metamitron; (D) MET + SN-trees submitted to the combined exposure to metamitron application and shading nets. Low radiation significantly increased metamitron absorption (36–53% in the three locations in 2018) and reduced its degradation. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were strongly reduced in all treatments, with minimum values 2 days after spraying (DAS) and incomplete recovery 10 DAS in MET + SN. All treatments resulted in leaf sucrose and sorbitol decreases, leading to a negative carbon balance. SN and MET + SN promoted the highest thinning efficacy, increasing fruit weight and size, with MET + SN causing over-thinning in some trials. Leaf antioxidant enzymes showed moderate changes in activity increases under MET or MET + SN, accompanied by a rise of glutathione content and a reduction in ascorbate, however without lipid peroxidation. This work shows that environmental conditions, such as cloudy days, must be carefully considered upon metamitron application, since the low irradiance enhances metamitron efficacy and may cause over-thinninginfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Identity construction and professionalization of new secondary teachers, through an experimental study

The teacher’s training of Secondary Education it is hanging of being confronted by the Administration, after three educational reforms that have been carried out from the LOGSE (1990) to the LOE (2006), after sixteen years of permanent changes. This confused situation has extended in excess. And, in these moments, the demand of change of the top studies - us to adapt to Bologna 2010-, is an unsurpassable opportunity to finish an obsolete stage and to open new routes for professionalizing new teachers of Secondary Education; protagonists do them in the most flexible construction of a society and polite, who guarantees the equity in a more human development.This research, it inspires by the emergent paradigm, synthesis of all the previous efforts. The used methodology has been participative and holistic and, for it, we have worked with different instruments: questionnaires, you interview, groups of discussion, histories of life and questionnaires DAFO and TIDE.We proposed to discover the needs of the professorship in the professional beginnings, as well as to define the processes of development of the key competitions of the good educational uses that are necessary to confront and to practise in the future with a teaching quality.The sources of information from which we have obtained the information to reflect on the educational identity and his professional development have been changed: The contributions of the pupils of the CAP (Certificate of Pedagogic Aptitude) and CCP (Course of Pedagogic Qualification), as well as of the student body of secondary education, the professorship, the syndical organizations, the associations of parents and mothers and the professorship of different courses of initial formation(training). Undoubtedly there exist many aspects that wake our interest up, in relation to the future professorship, since:Apprentice of teacher.Professional · Managing of the curriculum.Mediator in the classroom.Collaborator with the school, the families and the context.Professional capable of regulating the process of balance of his professional competition.New Teacher to the one that offers him the necessary scaffolding thanks to the system of mentoring.Guide psicopedagogi

Thinning flat peaches with ethephon and its effect on endogenous ethylene production and fruit quality

Peach orchards are usually hand-thinned at around 40–60 days after bloom, but this practice is labor-intensive and costly. Ethylene plays a key role in peach fruitlet abscission and foliar applications of ethephon have been reported to be effective in some cultivars to induce fruit abscission. However, results are inconsistent and there are no experiences about its application in flat peaches and/or about inducing flowers abscission. Ethephon (from 0 to 300 mg L–1) was applied to ‘Flatbeauti’ peach trees at 30 % and 100 % of full bloom and 30, 40 and 50 DAFB to determine the best time to induce flowers or fruitlet abscission, as well as to investigate its effect on fruit quality parameters and its relationship to the ethylene evolution pattern throughout peach fruit growth. Abscission and ethylene production were related to ethephon concentration. In general, as a mean of three independent experiments, there was an 8–9 % reduction in fruit set, a 3–14 % increase in fruit size, and a 10–16 % reduction in yield, with each incremental increase of 75 mg L–1 ethephon. The late ethephon applications increased ethylene endogenous production up to harvest and this influenced fruit maturity. Finally, our results indicate that ethephon in the range of 150 mg L–1 can be used at 100 % full bloom and at 30–40 DAFB to induce adequate levels of fruit crop load in ‘Flatbeauti’ peaches without other side effects.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Implications of nighttime temperature on metamitron impacts on the photosynthetic machinery functioning of Malus x domestica Borkh

Metamitron (MET) is a fruitlet thinning compound for apple trees, needing better understanding of its action on leaf energy metabolism, depending on nighttime temperature. A trial under environmental controlled conditions was set with ‘Golden Reinders’ potted trees, under 25/7.5 and 25/15 ◦C (diurnal/nighttime temperature), with (MET, 247.5 ppm) or without (CTR) application, and considering the monitoring of photosynthetic and respiration components from day 1 (D1) to 14 (D14). Net photosynthesis (Pn) decline promoted by MET after D1 was not stomatal related. Instead, non-stomatal constraints, reflected on the photosynthetic capacity (Amax), included a clear photosystem (PS) II inhibition (but barely of PSI), as shown by severe reductions in thylakoid electron transport at PSII level, maximal (Fv/Fm) and actual (Fv’/Fm’) PSII photochemical efficiencies, estimate of quantum yield of linear electron transport (Y(II)), and the rise in PSII photoinhibition status (Fs/Fm’ and PIChr) and uncontrolled energy dissipation (Y(NO)). To Pn inhibition also contributed the impact in RuBisCO along the entire experiment, regardless of night temperature, here reported for the first time. Globally, MET impact on the photosynthetic parameters was usually greater under 7.5 ◦C, with maximal impacts between D4 and D7, probably associated to a less active metabolism at lower temperature. Cellular energy metabolism was further impaired under 7.5 ◦C, through moderate inhibition of NADH-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) enzymes involved in respiration, in contrast with the increase of dark respiration in MET 7.5 until D7. The lower impact on PK and MDH under 15 ◦C and a likely global higher active metabolism at that temperature would agree with the lowest sucrose levels in MET 15 at D4 and D7. Our findings showed that MET alters the cell energy machinery in a temperature dependent manner, affecting the sucrose balance mainly at 15 ◦C, justifying the observed greater thinning potentialinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Metamitron and Shade Effects on Leaf Physiology and Thinning Efficacy of Malus × domestica Borkh

Thinning strategies, namely shade or photosynthetic inhibitors, rely on the reduction of carbon supply to the fruit below the demand, causing fruit abscission. In order to clarify the subject, seven field trials were carried out in Lleida, Girona, and Sint-Truiden (2017 + 2018), using orchards of ‘Golden’ and ‘Gala’ apple trees. At the stage of 9–14-mm fruit diameter, four treatments were implemented: (A) CTR-control, trees under natural environmental conditions; (B) SN-shaded trees, trees above which shading nets reducing 50% of irradiance were installed 24 h after metamitron application date—without application of metamitron—and removed after five days; (C) MET-trees sprayed with 247.5 ppm of metamitron; (D) MET + SN-trees submitted to the combined exposure to metamitron application and shading nets. Low radiation significantly increased metamitron absorption (36–53% in the three locations in 2018) and reduced its degradation. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were strongly reduced in all treatments, with minimum values 2 days after spraying (DAS) and incomplete recovery 10 DAS in MET + SN. All treatments resulted in leaf sucrose and sorbitol decreases, leading to a negative carbon balance. SN and MET + SN promoted the highest thinning efficacy, increasing fruit weight and size, with MET + SN causing over-thinning in some trials. Leaf antioxidant enzymes showed moderate changes in activity increases under MET or MET + SN, accompanied by a rise of glutathione content and a reduction in ascorbate, however without lipid peroxidation. This work shows that environmental conditions, such as cloudy days, must be carefully considered upon metamitron application, since the low irradiance enhances metamitron efficacy and may cause over-thinning

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

International audienceBackground: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society