Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Analysis of international publication trends in artificial intelligence in ophthalmology

International audiencePurpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) has entered the field of medicine, and ophthalmology is no exception. The objective of this study was to report on scientific production and publication trends, to identify journals, countries, international collaborations, and major MeSH terms involved in AI in ophthalmology research.Methods: Scientometric methods were used to evaluate global scientific production and development trends in AI in ophthalmology using PubMed and the Web of Science Core Collection.Results: A total of 1356 articles were retrieved over the period 1966-2019. The yearly growth of AI in ophthalmology publications has been 18.89% over the last ten years, indicating that AI in ophthalmology is a very attractive topic in science. Analysis of the most productive journals showed that most were specialized in computer and medical systems. No journal was found to specialize in AI in ophthalmology. The USA, China, and the UK were the three most productive countries. The study of international collaboration showed that, besides the USA, researchers tended to collaborate with peers from neighboring countries. Among the twenty most frequent MeSH terms retrieved, there were only four related to clinical topics, revealing the retina and glaucoma as the most frequently encountered subjects of interest in AI in ophthalmology. Analysis of the top ten Journal Citation Reports categories of journals and MeSH terms for articles confirmed that AI in ophthalmology research is mainly focused on engineering and computing and is mainly technical research related to computer methods.Conclusions: This study provides a broad view of the current status and trends in AI in ophthalmology research and shows that AI in ophthalmology research is an attractive topic focusing on retinal diseases and glaucoma. This study may be useful for researchers in AI in ophthalmology such as clinicians, but also for scientists to better understand this research topic, know the main actors in this field (including journals and countries), and have a general overview of this research theme

Transverse and longitudinal magneto-optical effects with a functionalized microstructured optical fiber

International audienc

L'expérience olfactive des embryons influence les comportements alimentaires des jeunes poulets

National audienc

FONCTIONNALISATION D’UNE FIBRE OPTIQUE MICROSTRUCTUREE PAR DEPOT D’UNE COUCHE MINCE DOPEE AUX NANOPARTICULES MAGNETIQUES POUR LA MESURE MAGNETO-OPTIQUE

International audienc

Functionalized Microstructured Optical Fiber for Magnetic-field Sensing in Radiation Environments

International audienc

Overexpression of the epidermis-specific homeodomain-leucine zipper IV transcription factor OUTER CELL LAYER1 in maize identifies target genes involved in lipid metabolism and cuticle biosynthesis

L'article original est publié par The American Society of Plant BiologistsInternational audienceTranscription factors of the homeodomain-leucine zipper IV (HD-ZIP IV) family play crucial roles in epidermis-related processes. To gain further insight into the molecular function of OUTER CELL LAYER1 (OCL1), 14 target genes up- or down-regulated in transgenic maize (Zea mays) plants overexpressing OCL1 were identified. The 14 genes all showed partial coexpression with OCL1 in maize organs, and several of them shared preferential expression in the epidermis with OCL1. They encoded proteins involved in lipid metabolism, defense, envelope-related functions, or cuticle biosynthesis and include ZmWBC11a (for white brown complex 11a), an ortholog of AtWBC11 involved in the transport of wax and cutin molecules. In support of the annotations, OCL1-overexpressing plants showed quantitative and qualitative changes of cuticular wax compounds in comparison with wild-type plants. An increase in C24 to C28 alcohols was correlated with the transcriptional up-regulation of ZmFAR1, coding for a fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase. Transcriptional activation of ZmWBC11a by OCL1 was likely direct, since transactivation in transiently transformed maize kernels was abolished by a deletion of the activation domain in OCL1 or mutations in the L1 box, a cis-element bound by HD-ZIP IV transcription factors. Our data demonstrate that, in addition to AP2/EREBP and MYB-type transcription factors, members of the HD-ZIP IV family contribute to the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis

Influence of increasing slaughter age of chickens on meat quality, welfare, and technical and economic results

Chantier qualité GABecause of the increasing demand for rawcuts and processed products, there is a trend to producingvery heavy broilers. Breeds that are used for such kinds ofproduction have been intensively selected for growth rateand breast meat yield, and birds are reared for a longerperiod than standard broilers. This study was to evaluatethe effects of increasing slaughter age on technical andeconomic factors, including production effi ciency andenvironmental costs, bird welfare, and breast meat qualityin a modern heavy broiler line. Five groups of 300 maleRoss 708 chickens were reared until slaughter ages of 35,42, 49, 56, or 63 d. Increasing age at slaughter from 35to 63 d resulted in a 7.4-fold increase (P < 0.01) in mortalityrate (5.21 vs. 0.70%). It also increased (P < 0.001)the slaughter weight and ADFI of birds 2.5- and 1.4-fold,respectively, without affecting their G:F. Under our experimentalconditions, economic profi t evaluated through thenet gain reached a maximum at 42 d. The moisture andammonium content of litter increased (P < 0.05 and P <0.01, respectively) rapidly during rearing concomitantlywith increased (P < 0.05) occurrence and severity of contactdermatitis and decreased (P < 0.05) walking abilityand activity of birds. Thermal comfort also decreased (P< 0.05) greatly as early as 42 d of age. Changes in carcassquality occurred mainly between 35 and 56 d of age, witha progressive increase (P < 0.001) in breast and leg yield,whereas body fatness was barely affected by age. Majorchanges in breast meat traits were observed between 35and 49 d of age, with an increase in muscle pH at 15 min(P < 0.01) and 24 h (P < 0.001) postmortem and reduced(P < 0.001) lightness and drip loss. The protein and lipidcontent of raw breast meat also increased (P < 0.05 and P <0.01, respectively) with age. Taking into account the mainaspects of sustainability, we could recommend slaughteringchickens of heavy line at 42 d of age