RNA interference is the basis of human antiviral defense

Comparative analysis of antiviral protective mechanisms in protozoa and RNA interference of multicellular organisms has revealed their similarity, also providing a clue to understanding the adaptive immunity. In this article, we present the latest evidence on the importance of RNA-guided gene regulation in human antiviral defense. The role of neutralizing antibodies and interferon system in viral invasion is considered. The new concept has been introduced, i.e., antiviral protection of any living organism is based on the intracellular RNA-guided mechanisms. Simple and effective defense against viruses is that spacer segment of the viral DNA is inserted into the cellular chromosomes. Upon re-infection, the RNA transcript of the spacer directs nuclease enzymes against the foreign genome. This is a really adaptive immune defense that any cell potentially possesses. In humans, the interferon system provides an additional tool for early suppression of viral infections which shifts the cells to the alert regimen, thus preventing further spread of infection. The main task of the human central immune system is to maintain integrity and combat foreign organisms. Accordingly, a suitable index of acquired antiviral immunity should be a presence of specific spacer markers in DNA samples from reconvalescent persons, rather than detection of neutralizing antibodies, B and T memory cells.This article is addressed primarily to general medical community, and its practical conclusions are as follows:1. Presence or absence of specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is not a prognostic sign of the disease. Detection of specific antibodies in blood simply reflects the fact that the person has contacted with the viral agent. Absence of antibodies does not mean a lack of such contact, and the persons with high titers of specific antibodies are not protected from re-infection with SARS-CoV-2.2. PCR testing: The PCR results may remain “false positive” in those subjects who have had COVID-19, if the genetic material is taken from the site of initial virus contraction (mainly, nasopharynx). In our opinion, negative PCR tests for COVID-19 in blood plasma and urine will be a more correct index for the absence of the disease, even with positive PCR tests from the nasopharyngeal samples.3. It is necessary to draw attention of general practitioners to potential usage of retinol in prevention and treatment of COVID-19, given the importance of RLR receptors in recognition of viral RNAs and positive experience of vitamin A administration in measles, another dangerous viral disease

Computer simulation of a push-pull power amplifier

The paper presents the results of computer simulation of power amplifiers based on bipolar and complementary Darlington transistors. It is shown that the constant voltage gain is ensured by changing the current gain in the range from 103 to 105

Doing Gender Online : Digital Spaces for Identity Politics

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RESEARCH OF THE RANGE OF SUSTAINABLE WORK OF THE CASCADE INJECTION-VOLTAIC TRANSISTOR IN THE FIELD OF THE ORIGIN OF AN ELECTRIC AVALANCHE BREAKDOWN

In this work, the mechanisms of stabilization of the operating modes of cascode injection-voltaic transistors are identified. The results of a study of the current-voltage characteristics of a cascade injection-voltaic transistor are presented. It is shown that the proposed transistor works stably at collector-base reverse voltage values 2-3 times higher than individual transistors

CASCODE INJECTION-VOLTAIC TRANSISTOR FIBER/POLYMER COMPOSITE

This paper developed injection-voltaic transistor presents. The results research of the V-I characteristic of cascode injection-voltaic transistor. It is shown that the proposed transistor operates stably at values of the reverse voltage collector-base 2-3 times higher than single transistors

Effective Teaching Methods in Teaching English

The article analyzes the issues related to effective teaching methods in teaching English. The changing realities of the modern world require the same changes in educational systems. Therefore, the topic of innovation is becoming important for the entire system of education and teaching a foreign language, in particular. In the conditions of the rapidly accelerating pace of changes in society, one of the urgent problems facing the scientific community, the pedagogical community, is the conceptual need for the formation of a new generation of specialists. In this regard, a mobile, dynamic and accurate reorientation of the normative-parametric establishment of a specialist, both the technical industry and the humanitarian profile, is required. In the logic of the study of this problem, the question rightly arises: how to determine a well-trained specialist who meets the needs of modern society. Indeed, the intellectual, spiritual and cultural condition of society depends on the quality of education. The author analyzed the research and commentary of researchers on the issue of choosing appropriate teaching methods and presented them in this article

IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC UVEITIS CAUSED BY HERPES AND CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

Abstract. The study included patients with chronic uveitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), or mixed HSV/ cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Deficiencies in CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes and significant increase of CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulations were found in posterior uveitis. A single-pathogen (HSV) infection was characterized by decreased expression of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes, IgG hypoglobulinaemia. Irrespectively of etiology, both groups of the patients exhibited sharp increase in CD16+ cells, as well as suppressed CD25+ receptors for IL-2, increased numbers of activated CD38+ lymphocytes, enhanced expression of late activation markers (CD95+ and HLA-DR+) in both mixed and single-pathogen uveitis. IFN-alpha is detected at low concentrations, or is absent; increased TNF-alpha production was noted in the tears in cases of posterior uveitis.Statistically significant interrelations have been found between expression of HLA-DR+, and CD3+; CD95+ and HLA-DR+; CD95+ lymphocytes and TNFalpha levels in the course of chronic persistence of Herpesviridae in the patients with chronic uveitis. The degree of immunological disturbances correlated with severity of clinical features.</p

Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors for medical workers of an urban multidisciplinary hospital

Aim. To assess the prevalence of various risk factors (RF) for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among employees of a multi-field hospital (Moscow City Clinical Hospital № 29).Material and methods. We determined blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, blood lipid and glucose levels, and used specially created questionnaire. At least 322 medical workers aged &gt;40 years were examined.Results. The average age of the subjects was 51,6+7,8 years, among them 21% of doctors, 47% of nurses; 91% of women. 50% of subjects had arterial hypertension in the history, 40% — high blood pressure &gt;140/90 mm Hg (56% of them regularly received antihypertensive drugs). The frequency of other RF of CVDs was as follows: low physical activity — 74%, hyperlipidemia — 69%, excessive salt intake — 68%, obesity — 43%, unhealthy diet — 37%, smoking — 25%. Among allemployees taking acetylsalicylic acid, 80% took it without invariable indications for this. Among persons with invariable indications for statins, the drug of this class was taken by 11%. When comparing indicators in women of different ages, it was found that the frequency of behavioral RF (unhealthy diet, excessive salt intake, low physical activity) in women &lt;50 years was not significantly different from that in women &gt;50 years; smoking in younger women was higher.Conclusion. A survey of medical workers aged &gt;40 years revealed a high frequency of well-known modified RF of CVDs, especially low physical activity, hyperlipidemia, excessive salt intake, and obesity. The prevalence of arterial hypertension, smoking and unhealthy diet in the studied group were also high, but on average did not exceed the same numbers of general Russian population. We determined high frequency of aspirin intake without invariable indications, and low frequency of statins use in individuals with invariable indications, as well as a low efficacy of drug treatment of arterial hypertension

Genetic predisposition to hypertension is associated with preeclampsia in European and Central Asian women

Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy, affecting both maternal and fetal health. In genome-wide association meta-analysis of European and Central Asian mothers, we identify sequence variants that associate with preeclampsia in the maternal genome at ZNF831/20q13 and FTO/16q12. These are previously established variants for blood pressure (BP) and the FTO variant has also been associated with body mass index (BMI). Further analysis of BP variants establishes that variants at MECOM/3q26, FGF5/4q21 and SH2B3/12q24 also associate with preeclampsia through the maternal genome. We further show that a polygenic risk score for hypertension associates with preeclampsia. However, comparison with gestational hypertension indicates that additional factors modify the risk of preeclampsia. Studies to identify maternal variants associated with preeclampsia have been limited by sample size. Here, the authors meta-analyze eight GWAS of 9,515 preeclamptic women, identifying five variants associated with preeclampsia and showing that genetic predisposition to hypertension is a major risk factor for preeclampsia.Peer reviewe