Receta básica de Cocinando con Elisa: Ingredientes a la Grimm en una caldera argentina

Although French cuisine and violence seem to be the main components in Laragione’s Cocinando con Elisa, the fairytale tradition supplies a more subtle and all pervasive ingredient. The power struggle between Nicole (the chef) and Elisa (her apprentice) is structured around a series of intertextual fairytale motifs – the witch/stepmother, the ogre, the poisonous potions, the naive young woman, the impossible tasks, the incantations – which point towards the reappearance of the witch and her evil arts in a familiar social and political context. By incorporating some of the traditional patterns associated with fairytales and dismantling others, Laragione’s play reveals the horrors of the repressive years of the dictatorship in Argentina. (LG

High prevalence of clade 8 <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 isolated from retail meat and butcher shop environment

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an enteric pathogen associated with food safety threats and with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Argentina, post-enteric hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is endemic, with >70% of cases associated with E. coli O157 infection. To date the biological basis behind the severity among E. coli O157 infections is unknown. However, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing has helped to define nine E. coli O157:H7 clades, of which clade 8 strains are associated with severe disease cases. The aim of this study was to characterize a collection of 20 STEC O157:H7 strains isolated between 2011 and 2013 from ground beef and different environmental samples from butcher shops of Argentina. All strains harbored the eae, ehxA, fliCH7, efa, iha, and toxB genes, with stx2a/stx2c as the predominant genotype (75%). The XbaI-PFGE analysis showed that the E. coli O157 strains had high genetic diversity. Nine strains were grouped in four XbaI-PFGE clusters, whereas 11 strains showed unique XbaI-PFGE patterns. In contrast, the SNP analysis allowed us to separate the strains in two distinct lineages representing clade 8 (70%) and clade 6 (30%). Our results show the molecular characterization of E. coli O157 strains isolated from ground beef and environmental samples from Argentinean butcher shops.Instituto de Genética Veterinari

High prevalence of clade 8 Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from retail meat and butcher shop environment

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an enteric pathogen associated with food safety threats and with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Argentina, post-enteric hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is endemic, with > 70% of cases associated with E. coli O157 infection. To date the biological basis behind the severity among E. coli O157 infections is unknown. However, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing has helped to define nine E. coli O157:H7 clades, of which clade 8 strains are associated with severe disease cases. The aim of this study was to characterize a collection of 20 STEC O157:H7 strains isolated between 2011 and 2013 from ground beef and different environmental samples from butcher shops of Argentina. All strains harbored the eae, ehxA, fliCH7, efa, iha, and toxB genes, with stx2a/stx2c as the predominant genotype (75%). The XbaI-PFGE analysis showed that the E. coli O157 strains had high genetic diversity. Nine strains were grouped in four XbaI-PFGE clusters, whereas 11 strains showed unique XbaI-PFGE patterns. In contrast, the SNP analysis allowed us to separate the strains in two distinct lineages representing clade 8 (70%) and clade 6 (30%). Our results show the molecular characterization of E. coli O157 strains isolated from ground beef and environmental samples from Argentinean butcher shops.Fil: Galli, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Brusa, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Singh, Pallavi. Michigan State University; Estados UnidosFil: Cataldi, Ángel Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Manning, Shannon. Michigan State University; Estados UnidosFil: Peral Garcia, Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Leotta, Gerardo Anibal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; Argentin

Necessity And "Supplementary Means of Interpretation" For Non-Precluded Measures in Bilateral Investment Treaties

This Article scrutinizes varying interpretive methodologies used by different tribunals of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ("ICSID") in relation to Article XI of the US-Argentina bilateral investment treaty ("BIT"), which, in different degrees, had referred to the customary doctrine of "necessity" to derive Article XI's substantive meaning and legal effects. Neither Sempra v. Argentina, LG&E v. Argentina, CMS Gas v. Argentina, nor most recently in 2008, Cont'l Cas. Ins. Co. v. Argentina, evince a demonstrably adequate interpretive methodology within the framework of Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties ("VCLT"). Accordingly, this Article proposes a return to these fundamental rules of treaty interpretation. Given conceptual and methodological incompatibilities between the customary doctrine of "necessity" and Article XI, this Article holds that the customary doctrine has no interpretive utility for Article XI. Rather, treaty appliers of Article XI (and other similarly-worded treaty clauses on nonprecluded measures) should abide by the components of the unitary system of interpretation under the VCLT, particularly the treaty text and context. A State invoking an Article XI-type Non- Precluded Measure ("NPM") utilizes Article XI to address potential international responsibility vis-a-vis the other State Party to the BIT, and cannot use Article XI to remove its lex specialis substantive duties under the BIT to that State Party's investors. Finally, this Article recommends that treaty appliers should privilege a holistic reading of the lex specialis as the governing law whenever the host State claims an economic emergency to plead outright exculpation from substantive obligations in bilateral investment treaties

Obligations versus Rights: Substantive Difference between WTO and International Investment Law

WTO law remains relatively uncontentious whereas international investment law elicits much more debate. This article posits that the differences in reception are attributable to deeper substantive differences about what is protected under each regime. In WTO law what is protected is the sum total of all commitments and concessions under the WTO Agreement, something that can be thought of as a “public” good. When a country injures that good, the remedy is for the country to cease the injury, a requirement that naturally places emphasis on obligation. In international investment law, by contrast, what is protected is individualized to a particular investor. The violation is evidently “private”. When a country injures that good, the usual remedy is compensation, a requirement that naturally places emphasis on the investor’s rights. This difference suggests that WTO law is primarily a law of obligation which is equality-oriented, prospective, constitutive and deductive, whereas international investment law is primarily a law of rights which is fairness-oriented, retrospective, contractual and inductive. A law of rights is subtractive, and to that extent, less stable. The identification explains why there have been recent moves to constitutionalize international investment law by introducing a greater degree of obligation. The change is meant to redress the perceived jurisprudential imbalance in the field and strengthen its sense of community

Joint Decisions by Contracting Parties of Investment Treaties and the Proper Control of Treaty Interpretations by Tribunals: A Study of Article 30(3) of the 2012 U.S. Model BIT

随着国际投资实践的发展，国际投资法的发展呈现出新的复杂性、不确定性和扩展性。尤其是近年来，国际投资条约仲裁案件数量的攀升，投资条约的诸多不足也暴露出来。有关实体法的模糊或缺失、程序法的缺陷等等，不仅使得东道国的主权面临挑战，也带来了投资条约仲裁的“正当性危机”。围绕着改造投资仲裁机制的学术讨论以及具体的条约改革实践正在进行当中。 在此过程之中，投资仲裁制度无疑成为关注的焦点。规定以仲裁方式解决投资纠纷已然成为各国双边投资协定中极为重要的组成部分。实践中，往往会出现不同仲裁庭就同一条款解释不一的情况。为保证条约适用的统一性，美国《2012年双边投资条约（BIT）范本》沿用了《2004年BIT范...Investment Treaties are concluded by States. Where investment treaties refer to Investor-State arbitration, arbitral tribunals interpret treaty provisions in the context of the dispute settlement. Some of these interpretations have raised concerns, because of a perceived lack of consistency, predictability and quality. The concerns have resulted in a confidence even legitimacy crisis in the arbitr...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院_国际法学(含国际公法、国际私法、国际经济法)学号：1362010115015

International Investment and National Security Review

National security is a pillar of international law. As long as sovereign states exert power within the international legal regime, national security will be an exception to international law. These security concerns also come to light in the international investment legal regime. The international investment legal regime provides for essential security exceptions, aiming at protecting host states\u27 interests. This practice has been honored by international investment treaties and international investment tribunals. Although such exemption provisions can balance the interests between international investors and host states, they might be abused by host states in virtue of rising protectionism. Today, with respect to international investment, worldwide protectionism is rising under the guise of national security. Can domestic courts or international tribunals examine the process of national security review conducted under a relevant national committee? If yes, how should domestic courts or international tribunals evaluate the process of national security review? If no, what are the alternatives to prevent the abuse of application of national security grounds? In the international investment legal regime, the issue of how to balance essential security interests and foreign investors\u27 interests has not been resolved until now. Aiming to fill this gap, this Article answers those questions with a comprehensive study of how to deal with national security issues in different phases of international investment. This Article makes three contributions. First, it distinguishes national security issues in the pre-establishment phase and the post-establishment phase. Moreover, it distinguishes non-self-judging essential security clauses and self-judging essential security clauses in international investment agreements. Building upon these differences, this Article provides different methodologies to deal with national security review. Second, rejecting the popular good faith methodology to review national security decisions by international tribunals, this Article provides an alternative to deal with national security issues involving foreign investment--a model of compensation. Third, this Article offers some thoughts on how adjudicators and policy makers should think about national security in international investment law

Vulneración de contratos protegidos por una cláusula paraguas en acuerdos internacionales de inversión (AII)

82 páginasSe realiza el estudio de los criterios que tienen en cuenta los tribunales arbitrales internacionales para decretar la existencia de vulneración de un Acuerdo Internacional de Inversión (AII) cuando un Estado expropia indirectamente un contrato protegido por una cláusula paraguas, y se determina si un impuesto en Colombia puede llegar a configurar una expropiación indirecta a un inversionista extranjero.The study is made of the criteria that international arbitral tribunals take into account to decree the existence of a breach of an lnternational lnvestment Agreement (IIA) when a State indirectly expropriates a contrae\ protected by an umbrella clause, and determines whether a tax in Colombia can to configure an indirect expropriation of a foreign investor.Abogado(a)Pregrad