Selective Depolymerization and Effects of Homolysis of Poly(L-lactic acid) in a Blend with Polypropylene

Blends of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and polypropylene (PP), which are candidates for the practical use of PLLA, were investigated for selective degradation of PLLA, resulting in quantitative conversion of PLLA components into cyclic monomers, lactides, using magnesium oxide (MgO) as a depolymerization catalyst. Obviously, the catalyst MgO selectively accelerated only the PLLA depolymerization in the blends, dominantly generating L,L-lactide as a volatile product and separating the PP component. Expected effects of homolysis in the blend system were also determined as slight changes in activation energy of degradation for both the components and through the suppression of degradation by an antioxidant

高配向グラフィティックカーボンナイトライド薄膜のワンポット合成とその応用

学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学教授 相田 卓三, 東京大学准教授 吉尾 正史, 東京大学教授 吉江 尚子, 東京大学教授 吉田 亮, 立教大学副センター長 入江 正浩University of Tokyo(東京大学

Shine Bright Like a Diamond: New Light on an Old Polymeric Semiconductor

Brilliance usually refers to the light reflected by the facets of a gemstone such as diamond due to its high refractive index. Nowadays, high-refractive-index materials find application in many optical and photonic devices and are mostly of inorganic nature. However, these materials are usually obtained by toxic or expensive production processes. Herein, the synthesis of a thin-film organic semiconductor, namely, polymeric carbon nitride, by thermal chemical vapor deposition is presented. Among polymers, this organic material combines the highest intrinsic refractive index reported so far with high transparency in the visible spectrum, even reaching the range of diamond. Eventually, the herein presented deposition of high quality thin films and their optical characteristics open the way for numerous new applications and devices in optics, photonics, and beyond based on organic materials

Poly(tetramethyl glycolide) from Renewable Carbon, a Racemization-Free and Controlled Depolymerizable Polyester

Racemization-free and depolymerization-controllable poly(tetramethyl glycolide) (PTMG) was synthesized from renewable resources: D/L-lactic acids and pyruvic acid. PTMG overcomes the undesirable properties of poly(lactic acid) such as low heat-resistance and racemization causing the decrease in crystallinity. PTMG was shown to have a higher melting point than 200 °C and to be a superior recyclable material capable of being depolymerized controllably into cyclic dimer tetramethyl glycolide (TMG) or methacrylic acid (MA) by using specific catalysts. PTMG can be reversibly synthesized from the depolymerized TMG. Moreover, biomass-based poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was prepared from the recovered MA

Genomic and proteomic biases inform metabolic engineering strategies for anaerobic fungi.

Anaerobic fungi (Neocallimastigomycota) are emerging non-model hosts for biotechnology due to their wealth of biomass-degrading enzymes, yet tools to engineer these fungi have not yet been established. Here, we show that the anaerobic gut fungi have the most GC depleted genomes among 443 sequenced organisms in the fungal kingdom, which has ramifications for heterologous expression of genes as well as for emerging CRISPR-based genome engineering approaches. Comparative genomic analyses suggest that anaerobic fungi may contain cellular machinery to aid in sexual reproduction, yet a complete mating pathway was not identified. Predicted proteomes of the anaerobic fungi also contain an unusually large fraction of proteins with homopolymeric amino acid runs consisting of five or more identical consecutive amino acids. In particular, threonine runs are especially enriched in anaerobic fungal carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) and this, together with a high abundance of predicted N-glycosylation motifs, suggests that gut fungal CAZymes are heavily glycosylated, which may impact heterologous production of these biotechnologically useful enzymes. Finally, we present a codon optimization strategy to aid in the development of genetic engineering tools tailored to these early-branching anaerobic fungi

看護学生の看護場面におけるコミュニケーション・スキルの変化とその要因

　本研究の目的は, 看護学生のコミュニケーション・スキルが実習の進度によってどのように変化していくのか, またどのような要因が関係しているのかを明らかにすることである. 調査対象は, A看護専門学校のX回生147名の看護学生で, コミュニケーション・スキルの変化をみるために, 1年次から3年次までの3年間を縦断的に調査した. 質問紙は, [看護場面における人間関係をつくるためのコミュニケーション・スキル尺度」, 「Kikuchi\u27s Socail Skills Inventory 18」を使用した. 要因は, 人的要因として, 患者要因, 自己要因, 指導者・教員要因, グループメンバー要因, 家族・友人要因, その他の要因として, 悩み要因, 相談要因, 承認要因, 協力要因, 指導要因とした. またコミュニケーションを図るうえで困難と感じていること, コミュニケーションをどのような目的およびその目的別の困難さを同時に質問した.　その結果, コミュニケーション・スキルの得点は実習が進むにつれ, 高くなっていたが, 社会的スキルの得点は実習の進度とは関係がなかった. 要因では, 自己要因, 悩み要因, 承認要因の得点と関係があることが明らかになった. また, コミュニケーションを図るうえで困難と感じていることでは, 領域別看護学実習I後では, 「何を聞いてよいかわからない」, 「会話が続かない」などと感じている学生は多かったが, 領域別看護学実習III後では減少していた. また, コミュニケーションを図る目的や目的別の困難さでは, 「日常生活援助のため」から「治療・検査・処置の説明のため」, 「不安・苦痛の緩和のため」に変化していた.　以上の結果から, 看護学生のコミュニケーション・スキルの上達には, 学生自身の意識や友人関係, 承認などの必要性が示唆された

CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated co-editing and counterselection in the rice blast fungus

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is the most serious pathogen of cultivated rice and a significant threat to global food security. To accelerate targeted mutation and specific genome editing in this species, we have developed a rapid plasmid-free CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing method. We show that stable expression of Cas9 is highly toxic to M. oryzae. However efficient gene editing can be achieved by transient introduction of purified Cas9 pre-complexed to RNA guides to form ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). When used in combination with oligonucleotide or PCR-generated donor DNAs, generation of strains with specific base pair edits, in-locus gene replacements, or multiple gene edits, is very rapid and straightforward. We demonstrate a co-editing strategy for the creation of single nucleotide changes at specific loci. Additionally, we report a novel counterselection strategy which allows creation of precisely edited fungal strains that contain no foreign DNA and are completely isogenic to the wild type. Together, these developments represent a scalable improvement in the precision and speed of genetic manipulation in M. oryzae and are likely to be broadly applicable to other fungal species

看護師のプリセプターとしての役割意識

本研究の目的は，プリセプターを担うことになった看護師が，どのような役割意識もってかかわっているのかを明らかにすることである．調査の対象者は，毎年３０名前後の新卒看護師が就職する６病院で，マンツーマンのプリセプターシップを行った２６名である．データ収集は，「プリセプターを指名された時の気持ち」「プリセプターとしての準備」から構成した半構成的質問紙による調査を行った．分析は，内容分析を行った．その結果，【プリセプターを指名された時の気持ち】，【プリセプターとしてかかわっていく上での目標】，【かかわることへの心構え】【プリセプターをするに当たっての準備】の４つのカテゴリーが抽出された．【プリセプターを指名された時の気持ち】では，「積極的な感情」をもった人が６名（２３．１%）であった．一方，「消極的な感情」を持った人が２０名（７６．９%）で，プリセプターという役割に対して不安や心配などの消極的な感情をもっていた．【プリセプターとしてかかわっていく上での目標】では，「プリセプティとの関係性を築く」，「プリセプティにとって良いモデルを示す」，「協力体制の活用」，「プリセプティの達成度」の４つのサブカテゴリーになっていた．その中で最も多かったものは「プリセプティとの関係性を築く」であった．【かかわることへの心構え】では「自分とプリセプティとの関係性」，「かかわる時の態度」，「指導方法」，「プリセプティの評価」の４つのサブカテゴリーになっていた．【プリセプターをするに当たっての準備】では，個人的な準備として「文献学習」や「指導計画の作成」を１５名（５７．７％）が行っていた．以上の結果から，プリセプターという役割に対して不安や心配などの消極的な感情をもっていても，かかわりや指導の方向性を見出していることが明らかとなった．しかし，プリセプターには戸惑いやストレスなどがあることから，プリセプターの意識を一人で貫くのは容易ではないことが示唆されたThe aim of this research was to find out more about how nurses who acted as preceptors viewed their role. A survey of 26 nurses, who acted as preceptors on a one-to-one basis, was carried out in six hospitals which take on around 30 new graduate nurses every year. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to find out about the nurses’ feelings when chosen to be a preceptor and how they prepared for the role. The content of their replies was then examined. Four categories were extracted from the results: Feelings when selected as a preceptor, Aims in working as a preceptor, Attitude toward involvement, and Preparations for being a preceptor. In the category of Feelings when selected as a preceptor, 6 nurses (23%) had “positive feelings” while 20 (76.9%) had “negative feelings,” some with uneasiness or concern about taking on the role of preceptor. Int he category of Aims in working as a preceptor, four subcategories were identified: “build a good relationship with the preceptee,” “be a good role model for the preceptee,” “work together to produce a good result,” and “help the preceptee to make progress.” Among these four subcategories“ build a good relationship with the preceptee” was the most common. In Attitude toward involvement there were also four subcategories: “one’s relationship with the preceptee,” “manner during involvement,” “guidance methods,” and “evaluation of preceptee.” In Preparations for being a preceptor, 15 nurses (57. 7%)“ studied the literature” or “prepared guidance plans.” The results showed that, despite some negative feelings of unease and worry about the role of preceptor, the nurses were able to find a direction for their involvement and guidance of preceptees. However,the fact that the preceptors felt confused and stressed suggests that it is not easy for individual nurses become accustomed to the mindset of a preceptor

基礎看護学実習（見学）直前の手洗い演習が主体的学習態度に与える因子 －「見学実習に活かしたいこと」の記述内容から－

　本研究の目的は，手洗い演習を通して主体的学習態度に与える因子を明らかにすることである．短期大学部１年次生９４名を対象に，見学実習直前に手洗い演習と自記式質問紙を実施し，その中の「見学実習に活かしたいこと」に自由記載された内容を内容分析した．その結果【洗い方の修正】【患者に感染させない】【病院で気をつけること】【看護師の手洗いへの興味】【実習に臨む姿勢】【病院の実施方法・設備への関心】【自分の感染予防】【手洗いは大切】の８カテゴリーが抽出され，主体的学習態度の動機付けとなる８つの因子が明らかになった．以上のことから，実習直前の手洗い演習は主体的学習の動機付けとなったことが示唆された

終末期ケア実習における看護学生のコミュニケーション・スキルの獲得が対患者関係知覚とコミュニケーション懸念に及ぼす影響

本研究目的は終末期ケア実習中の看護学生が対患者関係を築き、患者の問題を意識化するためのコミュニケーション・スキル（Communication Skills: CS）を獲得することで対患者関係知覚とコミュニケーション懸念（Communication Apprehension: CA）に及ぼす影響について検討することである。参加者は看護大学3 年生、終末期ケア実習中の学生で、そのなかから彼らの希望で実験群と統制群に振り分けた。実験群には従来の教育に加え、新たな教育としてCS 獲得訓練を行い、介入前後で自己記述式質問紙調査を実施した。統制群には従来の教育を行い、実験群と同時期に質問紙調査を実施した。2 要因（実験条件と実験時期）分散分析の結果、実験群では患者の問題を意識化するためのCS やそのCS に対応した問題解決的応答への知覚が促進され、介入の主効果を認めた。また、実験群では困難性CA が低減傾向であったが、介入効果は十分とは言えず、CA への対処支援として認知的アプローチの必要性が示唆された。The effect of acquiring communication skills on the perception of nurse-patient relationships and communication apprehension in nursing students were empirically examined during the end of life care practicums. Nursing students doing end of life care practicums participated in the study. They were classified into an experimental, or a control group by their free choice. The former received communication skills training as psycho-educational support during practicums, in addition to the standard education, whereas the latter received only the standard education. Pre- and post-practicum self-administered questionnaires assessed the intervention effect. A two-factor analysis of variance indicated a significant main effect of the intervention in the experimental group demonstrated by increased communication skills and improved perception about nurse-patient relationships, although no significant main effect was observed on communication apprehension. It is concluded that nursing students acquired communication skills, and the responsiveness of patients increased through the development of nurse-patient relationships. However, it is suggested that communication apprehension of nursing students would not decrease unless they deal with patients’ responses