Furthering Scientific Inquiry for Weight Loss Maintenance: Assessing the Psychological Processes Impacted by a Low intensity Technology-Assisted Intervention (NULevel Trial)

\ua9 The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.Background NULevel was a randomized control trial to evaluate a technology-assisted weight loss maintenance (WLM) program in the UK. The program included: (a) a face-to-face goal-setting session; (b) an internet platform, a pedometer, and wirelessly connected scales to monitor and report diet, physical activity, and weight, and; (c) regular automated feedback delivered by mobile phone, tailored to participants’ progress. Components were designed to target psychological processes linked to weight-related behavior. Though intervention participants showed increased physical activity, there was no difference in WLM between the intervention and control groups after 12 months (Sniehotta FF, Evans EH, Sainsbury K, et al. Behavioural intervention for weight loss maintenance versus standard weight advice in adults with obesity: A randomized controlled trial in the UK (NULevelTrial). PLoS Med. 2019; 16(5):e1002793. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002793). It is unclear whether the program failed to alter targeted psychological processes, or whether changes in these processes failed to influence WLM. Purpose We evaluate whether the program influenced 16 prespecified psychological processes (e.g., self-efficacy and automaticity toward diet and physical activity), and whether these processes (at 6 months) were associated with successful WLM (at 12 months). Methods 288 adults who had previously lost weight were randomized to the intervention or control groups.The control group received wireless scales and standard advice via newsletters. Assessments occurred in person at 0, 6, and 12 months. Results The intervention significantly altered 10 of the 16 psychological processes, compared with the control group. However, few processes were associated with WLM, leading to no significant indirect effects of the intervention via the processes on WLM. Conclusions Changes in targeted processes were insufficient to support WLM. Future efforts may more closely examine the sequence of effects between processes, behavior, and WLM

Challenges and proposed framework for formative research to inform systematic intervention development in rare and unstudied conditions: The case example of Xeroderma Pigmentosum

Purpose: To outline the challenges of applying existing systematic intervention development approaches in rare diseases, and to propose a novel framework within which these challenges can be met. Background: A gap in the provision of self-management and psychosocial interventions to change behaviour and improve health in rare diseases exists, partly due to the difficulty of conducting formative research in such conditions. Challenges include heterogeneity within already small sample sizes, patient burden, and the absence of prior research to guide decision-making. XP is a very rare inherited disease (~100 UK patients), involving an inability to repair ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced damage and increased melanoma risk; the only treatment is complete photoprotection. No research in XP has been conducted outside of the genetic literature. Methods: Using XP and improved photoprotection as a case example, we highlight the necessity of departing from the steps outlined by three intervention development approaches (intervention mapping, UK MRC guidelines for complex interventions, behaviour change wheel), and outline a framework that can be applied to the conduct of formative research in rare diseases. The framework focuses on the sequential or parallel use of mixed-methods (e.g., n-of-1, interviews, reviews of comparable conditions) and the triangulation of gathered data, and provides solutions to challenges including patient burden and the inability to pre-test study materials or intervention content in members of the target population. Conclusions: The proposed framework offers an alternative that may overcome the limitations associated with intervention development in rare diseases, which will hopefully encourage much-needed work in this field

Multi-generational effects under single and pulse exposure scenarios in two monophyletic Daphnia species

Anthropogenic activities commonly relate to a set of diffuse and point contamination sources, from industrial, domestic or agricultural outputs, characterized by a chemical cocktail exposure and consequent disturbances of natural ecosystems. Different species may present different sensitivities to contaminants, even when phylogenetically close. This study used two monophyletic Daphnia species from tropical and temperate environments, Daphnia similis and Daphnia magna respectively, to evaluate the variation of their sensitivity to Pb (if any) and fitness during a multi-generational exposure and recovery. To accomplish that, standard acute immobilization tests were done on specific generations. Tests were carried out with exposures to 1) potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) to evaluate organisms' sensitivity/fitness, 2) Pb, to monitor variation on Pb sensitivity and 3) the fungicide mancozeb, providing a pulse toxicity approach on generational Pb acclimated daphnids. Since growth is an important trait related to organisms' fitness, organisms' size measurements were also monitored. In addition, organisms were maintained under two different dietary regimes. Our results indicate no variation on daphnids sensitivity to K2Cr2O7, except for D. similis from a recovery period under food restriction. However, a lower Pb sensitivity was seen for both species throughout generations. Both species also showed that under food restriction neonates' sizes were larger than those kept under regular food, while reproduction was considerably reduced. Food restriction also generated opposite outcomes on both species, such as D. magna epigenetic changes and D. similis phenotypic acclimation to Pb. Besides, D. magna pre-exposed to Pb presented lower sensitivity to mancozeb, while the contrary was shown by D. similis. This study indicates that daphnids are capable of acquiring a lower sensitivity to Pb across a long-term exposure, and that Pb pre-exposure can affect the sensitivity to other chemicals. Also, different patterns in multi-generational responses from monophyletic species (especially under oligotrophic media, common on natural habitats) acknowledge the use of representative or native species to assess the effect of contaminants, since monophyletic species can provide different toxicity outputs.publishe

Barriers and facilitators of adherence to low-dose aspirin during pregnancy: A co-produced systematic review and COM-B framework synthesis of qualitative evidence

Copyright: \ua9 2024 Vinogradov et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. INTRODUCTION: Women at increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia are advised to take a daily low-dose of aspirin from 12 weeks of pregnancy to reduce their risks. Despite the well-established prophylactic effect of aspirin, adherence to this therapy is low. This systematic review aimed to summarise evidence on the barriers and facilitators of adherence to low-dose aspirin to inform intervention development to support decision making and persistence with aspirin use for pre-eclampsia prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative research was co-produced by representatives from charities, and public, clinical and academic members. Eight electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Prospero, OpenGrey), archives of charities and professional organisations were searched (between October and November 2023 and re-run in August 2023) using predefined search terms. Studies containing qualitative components related to barriers and facilitators of adherence to low-dose aspirin during pregnancy were included. Quality assessment was performed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative research. A combination of the COM-B framework with phases of adherence process as defined by international taxonomy was used as the coding framework. Co-production activities were facilitated by use of \u27Zoom\u27 and \u27Linoit\u27. RESULTS: From a total of 3377 papers identified through our searches, five published studies and one dissertation met our inclusion criteria. Studies were published from 2019 to 2022 covering research conducted in the USA, Canada, UK, Netherlands and Australia. Barriers and facilitators to adherence were mapped to six categories of the COM-B for three phases of adherence: initiation, implementation, and discontinuation. The discontinuation phase of adherence was only mentioned by one author. Four key themes were identified relating to pregnancy: \u27Insufficient knowledge\u27, \u27Necessity concerns balance\u27, \u27Access to medicine\u27, \u27Social influences\u27, and \u27Lack of Habit\u27. CONCLUSIONS: The COM-B framework allowed for detailed mapping of key factors shaping different phases of adherence in behavioural change terms and now provides a solid foundation for the development of a behavioural intervention. Although potential intervention elements could be suggested based on the results of this synthesis, additional co-production work is needed to define elements and plan for the delivery of the future intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022359718. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022359718

A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents.

This is the final version of the article. It was first available from Taylor & Francis via http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1081706Lack of physical activity (PA) and high levels of sedentary behaviour (SB) have been associated with health problems. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of school-based interventions to increase PA and decrease SB among 15-19-year-old adolescents, and examines whether intervention characteristics (intervention length, delivery mode and intervention provider) and intervention content (i.e. behaviour change techniques, BCTs) are related to intervention effectiveness. A systematic search of randomised or cluster randomised controlled trials with outcome measures of PA and/or SB rendered 10 results. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Intervention content was coded using Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1. Seven out of 10 studies reported significant increases in PA. Effects were generally small and short-term (Cohen's d ranged from 0.132 to 0.659). Two out of four studies that measured SB reported significant reductions in SB. Interventions that increased PA included a higher number of BCTs, specific BCTs (e.g., goal setting, action planning and self-monitoring), and were delivered by research staff. Intervention length and mode of delivery were unrelated to effectiveness. More studies are needed that evaluate long-term intervention effectiveness and target SBs among older adolescents

Custo de extração da castanha-da-amazônia na terra indígena Rio Branco - RO.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo aferir os custos de produção do sistema praticado pelos produtores/indígenas da Associação Doatxatô, residentes na Terra Indígena Rio Branco, município de Alta Floresta do Oeste-RO. Neste sentido, foi possível aferir os coeficientes técnicos que incidem nos custos de produção/extração de castanha-da amazônia, praticado por esta comunidade.bitstream/item/173526/1/ComTec-408-Custo-prod-Castanha.pd

Reducing the Salt Added to Takeaway Food: Within-Subjects Comparison of Salt Delivered by Five and 17 Holed Salt Shakers in Controlled Conditions

Objectives To determine if the amount of salt delivered by standard salt shakers commonly used in English independent takeaways varies between those with five and 17 holes; and to determine if any differences are robust to variations in: the amount of salt in the shaker, the length of time spent shaking, and the person serving. Design Four laboratory experiments comparing the amount of salt delivered by shakers. Independent variables considered were: type of shaker used (five or 17 holes), amount of salt in the shaker before shaking commences (shaker full, half full or nearly empty), time spent shaking (3s, 5s or 10s), and individual serving. Setting Controlled, laboratory, conditions. Participants A quota-based convenience sample of 10 participants (five women) aged 18–59 years. Main Outcome Measures Amount of salt delivered by salt shakers. Results Across all trials, the 17 holed shaker delivered a mean (SD) of 7.86g (4.54) per trial, whilst the five holed shaker delivered 2.65g (1.22). The five holed shaker delivered a mean of 33.7% of the salt of the 17 holed shaker. There was a significant difference in salt delivered between the five and 17 holed salt shakers when time spent shaking, amount of salt in the shaker and participant were all kept constant (p<0.001). This difference was robust to variations in the starting weight of shakers, time spent shaking and participant shaking (p

Comparison of sodium content of meals served by independent takeaways using standard versus reduced holed salt shakers: cross-sectional study

Background Takeaway food has a relatively poor nutritional profile. Providing takeaway outlets with reduced-holed salt shakers is one method thought to reduce salt use in takeaways, but effects have not been formally tested. We aimed to determine if there was a difference in sodium content of standard fish and chip meals served by Fish & Chip Shops that use standard (17 holes) versus reduced-holed (5 holes) salt shakers, taking advantage of natural variations in salt shakers used. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of all Fish & Chip Shops in two local government areas (n = 65), where servers added salt to meals as standard practice, and salt shaker used could be identified (n = 61). Standard fish and chip meals were purchased from each shop by incognito researchers and the purchase price and type of salt shaker used noted. Sodium content of full meals and their component parts (fish, chips, and fish batter) was determined using flame photometry. Differences in absolute and relative sodium content of meals and component parts between shops using reduced-holed versus standard salt-shakers were compared using linear regression before and after adjustment for purchase price and area. Results Reduced-holed salt shakers were used in 29 of 61 (47.5 %) included shops. There was no difference in absolute sodium content of meals purchased from shops using standard versus reduced-holed shakers (mean = 1147 mg [equivalent to 2.9 g salt]; SD = 424 mg; p > 0.05). Relative sodium content was significantly lower in meals from shops using reduced-holed (mean = 142.5 mg/100 g [equivalent to 0.4 g salt/100 g]; SD = 39.0 mg/100 g) versus standard shakers (mean = 182.0 mg/100 g; [equivalent to 0.5 g salt/100 g]; SD = 68.3 mg/100 g; p = 0.008). This was driven by differences in the sodium content of chips and was extinguished by adjustment for purchase price and area. Price was inversely associated with relative sodium content (p < 0.05). Conclusions Using reduced-holed salt shakers in Fish & Chip Shops is associated with lower relative sodium content of fish and chip meals. This is driven by differences in sodium content of chips, making our results relevant to the wide range of takeaways serving chips. Shops serving higher priced meals, which may reflect a more affluent customer base, may be more likely to use reduced-holed shakers