DIREITO CONSTITUCIONAL AO REDOR DO GLOBO: DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS, LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO E DISCURSO DE ÓDIO NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS

This paper exploring the Freedom of Speech in the United States Constitutional Law is part of the series “Constitutional Law Around the Globe”. This chapter of the series focuses on “Fundamental Rights and Freedom of Speech” in contemporary democracies. First in the row, this paper analyzes the Freedom of Speech in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and how it has been shaped by the Supreme and lower courts over time, especially on the so-called hate speech. A final paper will approach the legal systems composing the series in a comparative perspective.Este artigo, analisando a Liberdade de Expressão no Direito Constitucional dos Estados Unidos, faz parte da série “Direito Constitucional ao Redor do Globo”. Esta parte da série tem por foco “Direitos Fundamentais e a Liberdade de Expressão” em democracias da atualidade. Primeiro de vários, este artigo analisa a Liberdade de Expressão na Primeira Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos e como ela tem sido delineada pela Suprema Corte e tribunais inferiores ao longo do tempo, especialmente no que diz respeito ao denominado discurso de ódio. Um artigo final abordará os sistemas jurídicos componentes da série em uma perspectiva comparada. A metodologia utilizada é a consulta a referências (livros, artigos científicos e decisões judiciais)

Coisa julgada inconstitucional : natureza, instrumentos e momentos processuais de relativização

Aborda a coisa julgada, focando na afronta á constituição. Analisa os fundamentos dogmáticos e extra- dogmáticos. Tece a respeito dos instrumentos processuais. Estuda a possibilidade de relativização da coisa julgada pelo presidente do tribunal em sede de pagamento precatório requisitório

Constitutional Law Around the Globe: Fundamental Rights, the Freedom of Speech and “Hate Speech” in Canada

This paper exploring the Freedom of Speech in Canadian Constitutional Law is part of the series “Constitutional Law Around the Globe”. This chapter of the series focuses on “Fundamental Rights and Freedom of Speech” in contemporary democracies. Second in the row, this paper analyses the Freedom of Speech in Canadian Constitutional Law and how it has been shaped by the Supreme and lower courts over time, specially on the so-called “hate speech”. A final paper will approach the legal systems composing the series in a comparative perspective

An Observational Investigation of Mid-Latitude Thermospheric Temperatures and High-Latitude E-Region Neutral Wind Structures

The Earth\u27s atmosphere is a complicated environment. Different physical processes affect it depending on the altitude and latitude, among other factors. Three different aspects of the Earth\u27s upper atmosphere are investigated here, using two different techniques. These investigations are: the mid-latitude midnight temperature maximum (MTM), the mesosphere and low-thermosphere Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI), and the advective acceleration in the E-region. All of these studies occur in the Earth\u27s thermosphere and expand our understanding of these phenomena that represent different ways in which energy is transferred throughout the Earth\u27s atmosphere. Observing and characterizing these energy transfer pathways is crucial to further our knowledge of these geophysical processes. The MTM is typically understood as an equatorial phenomenon that has a characteristic temperature increase around midnight due to the constructive interference between tidal components. While this phenomenon has been studied thoroughly in latitudes $\u3c\pm$20$^\circ$ and modeled to reach $\sim$60$^\circ$; previous observations of temperature and winds had not confirmed its occurrence in latitudes $\u3e$20$^\circ$ N. In \citet{Mesquita2018} and Chapter \ref{chap:MTM} the following scientific question is addressed: What are the characteristics of the mid-latitude MTM? To answer it, a technique was developed to observe the phenomenon and estimate its amplitude between 32$^\circ$ N and 42$^\circ$ N. This investigation used the North American Thermosphere Ionosphere Observing Network (NATION) containing 5 Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI). Its data set includes a total of 846 nights of observations over a period of approximately 5 years. The new approach for calculating the MTM amplitude was developed by using a series of fits to determine the tidal background. Removing this background from the temperatures and applying an inversion algorithm allowed for the construction of two-dimensional temperature and wind maps, which illustrated the effects of the MTM on the wind field. A statistical analysis of the feature proved that both MTM peaks oscillate with semi-annual and annual periods. The KHI has been observed and characterized in the mesosphere (statically unstable region). However, the few observations of this phenomena in the low thermosphere (statically stable region) were not detailed and did not show evidence of turbulence above the mesopause. The following scientific questions were still unanswered: What is the triggering mechanism of KHIs in statically stable regions and how does it evolve? These questions are addressed by \citet{Mesquita2020} and in Chapter \ref{chap:SS}. The triangulation of vapor traces from sounding rockets showed the KHI in great detail above 100 km. Characterizing the KHI development in three dimensions revealed wavelength, eddy diameter, and vertical length scale of 9.8, 5.2, and 3.8 km, respectively, centered at 102 km altitude. Further analysis of dimensionless numbers -- such as Richardson, Reynolds, and Froude numbers -- illustrated that the presence of strong and sustained shears was the mechanism involved in generating KHIs in the thermosphere. Advection has been modeled to be an important acceleration in high-latitude. However, observations of this forcing mechanism have been scarce. Moreover, previous studies investigated the effects of the Hall drag on the Coriolis parameter without including the centrifugal force in the analysis. Chapter \ref{chap:adv} addresses the following scientific question: How does geomagnetic activity affect the vertical distribution of forces (including advection) and the modified Coriolis parameter in the E-region? Triangulation of vapor traces released from sounding rockets was used to calculate the meridional advective acceleration. The observations took place during 5 different geomagnetic conditions for the JOULE II, HEX II, MIST, Auroral Jets, and Super Soaker launches. The instantaneous Lorentz acceleration, which is often considered a dominant force in high-latitude active conditions, was calculated by using the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) data. These calculations showed that advection can become a dominant term depending on the geomagnetic activity level. The analysis of modified Coriolis parameter $\Phi$, which includes the centrifugal acceleration, revealed that in strong geomagnetic activity an air parcel tends to remain in the auroral oval (channel of enhanced Lorentz acceleration) for an extended period of time. This potentially provides an explanation for why winds are enhanced in the low thermosphere above 115 km during strong geomagnetic activity

Apresentação

Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de FisiologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de FisiologiaSciEL

Contribuições do aprendizado multimídia para jogos com foco nas dificuldades da matemática

Jogos educacionais são desenvolvidos para crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem na matemática, com a premissa de promover ao usuário um ambiente de aprendizagem lúdico. No desenvolvimento desses jogos, um dos desafios está no balancear dos elementos referentes ao entretenimento (diversão), com os elementos instrucionais (aprendizagem). Este artigo, pelo viés do aprendizado multimídia, busca contribuições na literatura para orientar o desenvolvimento de jogos educacionais em especial na apresentação da informação, ao considerar as necessidades cognitivas e motivacionais do aprendiz. O artigo tem objetivo exploratório, natureza básica, abordagem qualitativa e como procedimento utiliza uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa. Como resultado, apresenta-se um conjunto de apontamentos para auxiliar na configuração das informações gráficas em jogos. Ademais, com base na revisão da literatura se promove uma discussão com exemplos de jogos educacionais utilizados para as dificuldades de aprendizagem da matemática.Educational games have been developed focusing on children with mathematical learning disability, in an attempt to promote for the user’s a playful digital environment which allows the learning of specific contents. One of the challenges raised by the development of these games is finding a balance between the entertainment and the educational aspects. This study, adopting a multimedia learning perspective, aims to contribute with a guide for the educational games development, considering the learner’s cognitive and motivational necessities. The research approach is exploratory and qualitative, based on a literature review. As a result, we present a series of reflections that can guide the configuration of graphical information on educational games. Moreover, based on the literature review, we describe a discussion with some educational games focused on mathematical learning disability.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

VCube-PS: A Causal Broadcast Topic-based Publish/Subscribe System

In this work we present VCube-PS, a topic-based Publish/Subscribe system built on the top of a virtual hypercube-like topology. Membership information and published messages are broadcast to subscribers (members) of a topic group over dynamically built spanning trees rooted at the publisher. For a given topic, the delivery of published messages respects the causal order. VCube-PS was implemented on the PeerSim simulator, and experiments are reported including a comparison with the traditional Publish/Subscribe approach that employs a single rooted static spanning-tree for message distribution. Results confirm the efficiency of VCube-PS in terms of scalability, latency, number and size of messages.Comment: Improved text and performance evaluation. Added proof for the algorithms (Section 3.4