Ordeño con ternero.

Por mucho tiempo ha sido costumbre en muchas ganaderías de carne y en muchas ganaderías de leche de las zonas tropicales de Colombia, ordeñar todas o parte de las vacas en compañía de sus respectivos terneros. En las ganaderías de carne donde también se aprovecha la leche como un subproducto de la explotación, se hace esto con el objetivo principal de desarrollar una fuente de dinero para los gastos de administración de la finca; muchas ganaderías intentan obtener además, una más rápida recuperación del capital invertido

La ganadería de doble propósito.

El 41 por ciento de la producción de leche nacional proviene de zonas templadas y cálidas donde las condiciones ambientales y sanitarias son más difíciles para la cría de ganado de origen europeo, por lo que el ganado criollo y cebuino que existe en estas regiones se cruza con razas especializadas como el Holstein y el Pardo Suizo para introducir genes lecheros conservando la resistencia al medio aportada por las razas criollas, teniéndose como producto principal la leche, pero paralelamente obteniendo la carne como subproducto, éste sistema se conoce como ganadería de doble propósito. Los menores costos de producción en este sistema, la mejor calidad del producto y la aparente saturación de los mercados de la costa, has permitido a los procesdores movilizar la leche hacia el interior del país, desarrollando una competencia entre los productores especializados y los productores de doble propósito, por lo que los primeros tendrán que usar nuevas tecnologías orientadas hacia el concepto de producción por hectárea y no al ineficiente de producción por vaca. Esta competencia beneficiará a largo plazo al consumidor y permitirá el avance tecnológico de la ganadería colombiana. Con el auge del doble propósito el ciclo ganadero tendrá la leche como ingrediente adicional además del precio de la carne y se incrementará la natalidad del hato nacional. La producción y calidad de la carne no se disminuye siginifactivamente, es ideal tratar de mantener animales que posean 50 por ciento de raza lechera y 50 por ciento de raza Ceb

Dos tumbas

De la intervención de Luis Enrique Nieto Arango en la Conmemoración del centenario de la muerte de Don Miguel Antonio Caro en el Cementerio Central de Bogotá y la paradójica proximidad de su tumba, con la de su antagonista de toda la vida, el doctor Ezequiel Roja

Editorial

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Editorial

Editoria

Tumor expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a prognostic biomarker and predicts outcome of oxaliplatin-treated metastatic colorectal cancer patients

Colorectal cancer; Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5); Prognostic and predictive biomarkerCáncer colorrectal; Quinasa dependiente de ciclina 5 (Cdk5); Biomarcador pronóstico y predictivoCàncer colorectal; Quinasa dependent de ciclina 5 (CDK5); Biomarcador pronòstic i predictiuIn recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that elevated expression of cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk5) contributes to the oncogenic initiation and progression of many types of cancers. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of Cdk5 in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and in a large number of tumor samples in order to evaluate its relevance in this pathogenesis and possible use as a prognostic marker. We found that Cdk5 is highly expressed and activated in CRC cell lines and that silencing of the kinase decreases their migration ability. In tumor tissues, Cdk5 is overexpressed compared to normal tissues due to a copy number gain. In patients with localized disease, we found that high Cdk5 levels correlate with poor prognosis, while in the metastatic setting, this was only the case for patients receiving an oxaliplatin-based treatment. When exploring the Cdk5 levels in the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), we found the lowest levels in subtype 1, where high Cdk5 again was associated with a poorer prognosis. In conclusion, we confirm that Cdk5 is involved in CRC and disease progression and that it could serve as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in this disease.This work has been funded by the ISCIII grants from the Spanish Government, project numbers PI09/01334 and PI12/02228, and the Departament d’Innovació, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya, project numbers 2014-SGR-1494, 2017-SGR-1705 and 2017-SGR-723. The group from Eva Martinez Balibrea is furthermore funded by the PIE16/00011 and the group from Diego Arango by the PI16/00540 and AC15/00066 grants

Tumor Expression of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 (Cdk5) Is a Prognostic Biomarker and Predicts Outcome of Oxaliplatin-Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients

In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that elevated expression of cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk5) contributes to the oncogenic initiation and progression of many types of cancers. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of Cdk5 in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and in a large number of tumor samples in order to evaluate its relevance in this pathogenesis and possible use as a prognostic marker. We found that Cdk5 is highly expressed and activated in CRC cell lines and that silencing of the kinase decreases their migration ability. In tumor tissues, Cdk5 is overexpressed compared to normal tissues due to a copy number gain. In patients with localized disease, we found that high Cdk5 levels correlate with poor prognosis, while in the metastatic setting, this was only the case for patients receiving an oxaliplatin-based treatment. When exploring the Cdk5 levels in the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), we found the lowest levels in subtype 1, where high Cdk5 again was associated with a poorer prognosis. In conclusion, we confirm that Cdk5 is involved in CRC and disease progression and that it could serve as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in this disease

Antología del pensamiento Social en Colombia

PublishedEl quehacer de la filosofía no es límite de este ejercicio, la recopilación de estos documentos trata de un ejercicio interdisciplinar. La sociología, la historia, la antropología y otras disciplinas se abren campo en esta indagación; quizá esto sea parte del carácter original del pensamiento social: el ejercicio académico dialógico. Así, la conjugación de ciencias, miradas e indagaciones es el carácter prioritario y, sin embargo, cada documento se muestra lejos del que lo precede y del que lo antecede. Por pensamiento social, entonces, entiéndase la episteme que rigurosa y profundamente revisa ideas, pensamientos, teorías y realidades en aras a fortalecer una construcción crítica de la esfera pública. El saber se construye con un fin práctico y con una naturaleza plural, es decir, el fin es la construcción de comprensiones prácticas y críticas en torno a las necesidades de lo social, que tienen en su naturaleza la pluralida

Nested inversion polymorphisms predispose chromosome 22q11.2 to meiotic rearrangements [RETRACTED]

Inversion polymorphisms between low-copy repeats (LCRs) might predispose chromosomes to meiotic non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) events and thus lead to genomic disorders. However, for the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common genomic disorder, no such inversions have been uncovered as of yet. Using fiber-FISH, we demonstrate that parents transmitting the de novo 3 Mb LCR22A–D 22q11.2 deletion, the reciprocal duplication, and the smaller 1.5 Mb LCR22A–B 22q11.2 deletion carry inversions of LCR22B–D or LCR22C–D. Hence, the inversions predispose chromosome 22q11.2 to meiotic rearrangements and increase the individual risk for transmitting rearrangements. Interestingly, the inversions are nested or flanking rather than coinciding with the deletion or duplication sizes. This finding raises the possibility that inversions are a prerequisite not only for 22q11.2 rearrangements but also for all NAHR-mediated genomic disorders

Risk factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes in pregnancies affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a secondary analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19.

Objectives To evaluate the strength of association between maternal and pregnancy characteristics and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Methods Secondary analysis of a multinational, cohort study on all consecutive pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from February 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020 from 73 centers from 22 different countries. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as a positive result on real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens. The primary outcome was a composite adverse fetal outcome, defined as the presence of either abortion (pregnancy loss before 22 weeks of gestations), stillbirth (intrauterine fetal death after 22 weeks of gestation), neonatal death (death of a live-born infant within the first 28 days of life), and perinatal death (either stillbirth or neonatal death). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate parameters independently associated with the primary outcome. Logistic regression was reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 30.6+/-9.5 weeks, with 8.0% of women being diagnosed in the first, 22.2% in the second and 69.8% in the third trimester of pregnancy. There were six miscarriage (2.3%), six intrauterine device (IUD) (2.3) and 5 (2.0%) neonatal deaths, with an overall rate of perinatal death of 4.2% (11/265), thus resulting into 17 cases experiencing and 226 not experiencing composite adverse fetal outcome. Neither stillbirths nor neonatal deaths had congenital anomalies found at antenatal or postnatal evaluation. Furthermore, none of the cases experiencing IUD had signs of impending demise at arterial or venous Doppler. Neonatal deaths were all considered as prematurity-related adverse events. Of the 250 live-born neonates, one (0.4%) was found positive at RT-PCR pharyngeal swabs performed after delivery. The mother was tested positive during the third trimester of pregnancy. The newborn was asymptomatic and had negative RT-PCR test after 14 days of life. At logistic regression analysis, gestational age at diagnosis (OR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.8-0.9 per week increase; pPeer reviewe