A dynamic model for simulation of hot radial forging process

A comprehensive dynamic process model has been developed to investigate features of the inherently transient hot radial forging process, taking account of complex process kinematics, thermo-elastoplastic material behaviour and microstructural evolution. As an input to this model, a fully systematic thermomechanical testing matrix was carried out on a Gleeble 3800 including temperature (20-1100°C), strain (up to a true strain of 1) and strain rates (from 0.1 to \textgreater50 s-1). The proposed model can accurately capture vibration characteristics due to the high frequency short strokes during radial forging, which have been found to have a strong effect on material flow, forging load. Numerical analyses were performed to investigate the effect of different axial spring stiffnesses on forging load, strain distribution in the workpiece, and maximum axial feeding rate. It has been found that forging load increases significantly with increasing stiffness of the axial spring. The axial spring stiffness was also found to have a strong effect on determination of axial feeding rate and reduction ratio of workpiece by limiting the axial vibration amplitude of workpiece under the maximum compression of spring coil to avoid hard stop of workpiece in the axial direction during forging. It has been found that the spring stiffness does not have a strong effect on the strain distribution in the work piece. For practical application, the proposed model is applied to simulate the manufacturing process of a hollow transmission shaft using a GFM SKK10/R machine. Simulation results based on a 3 dimensional framework provide a detailed insight of material flow, residual stress and grain size evolution during the multiple pass radial forging process and the results are compared with available experimental measurements. The results provide valuable insights for process design

Currents and Radiation from the large DD Black Hole Membrane

It has recently been demonstrated that black hole dynamics in a large number of dimensions $D$ reduces to the dynamics of a codimension one membrane propagating in flat space. In this paper we define a stress tensor and charge current on this membrane and explicitly determine these currents at low orders in the expansion in $\frac{1}{D}$. We demonstrate that dynamical membrane equations of motion derived in earlier work are simply conservation equations for our stress tensor and charge current. Through the paper we focus on solutions of the membrane equations which vary on a time scale of order unity. Even though the charge current and stress tensor are not parametrically small in such solutions, we show that the radiation sourced by the corresponding membrane currents is generically of order $\frac{1}{D^D}$. In this regime it follows that the `near horizon' membrane degrees of freedom are decoupled from asymptotic flat space at every perturbative order in the $\frac{1}{D}$ expansion. We also define an entropy current on the membrane and use the Hawking area theorem to demonstrate that the divergence of the entropy current is point wise non negative. We view this result as a local form of the second law of thermodynamics for membrane motion.Comment: 104 pages plus 69 pages appendix, 1 figure, Minor correction

Ecosystem Services of Chariganga and Arpara Beel in Nadia District, West Bengal: A Geographical Enquiry

The ecological set up of the deltaic Bengal has immensely been benefitted by the ecosystem services extended by the freshwater wetlands. Along with the diverse ecological benefits, those floodplain wetlands serve the adjacent agrarian community through the provision of free goods and services. The present study has attempted to identify the ecological resources provided by the Chariganga and Arpara Beel and its impact on the livelihood patterns of the rural inhabitants. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques have been used for the study. Ecosystem Service Index (ESI) has been computed to quantify the values of ecosystem services in each category for the dry and wet periods. Nearly 33 ecosystem services are identified which have significantly influenced the socio-economic lifestyle of the inhabitants of three adjacent villages like Arpara, Gotpara, and Sultanpur but not homogeneously in terms of space, time, and status of stakeholders. The computed ESI values reveal that the maximum index value in each category of ecosystem services has been recorded at Chariganga Wetland in both dry and wet seasons.  Moreover, the fluctuation of ESI between the two seasons is least at Chariganga Wetland (0.03) compared to Arpara Wetland (0.28). Spatio-temporal variation in availability of resources has conspicuously altered the yearlong utilisation pattern of wetlands’ resources and put a noticeable imprint upon the diverse economic activities and cultural practices of the beneficiaries. The seasonal transformation of a large segment of the studied wetlands in wet and dry months has noticeably influenced the livelihood strategies of the natives. As a consequence, dynamism in utilisation pattern and contrasted societal views concerning the wetland-people interdependency has come into existence

Ethyl 3-oxo-2-(2-phenyl­hydrazinyl­idene)butano­ate: a re-determination

The previous crystallographic studies [Wang et al. (2005 ▶). Huaxue Yanjiu 16, 29–32; Wang et al. (2007 ▶). Youji Huaxue, 27, 524] of the title compound, C12H14N2O3, gave only the unit-cell dimensions and an R factor with no other details available: the full structure is presented here. The eth­oxy group is disordered over two orientations with refined occupancies of 0.642 (15):0.358 (15). The nine C atoms and two N atoms of the 1-phenyl-2-(propan-2-yl­idene)hydrazine segment of the mol­ecule are close to being coplanar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0779 (14) Å for the phenyl­amino N atom and an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, pairs of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol­ecules into inverson dimers, generating R 2 2(16) loops

Recurrent miscarriage in North Indian population: a study of association of polymorphisms in genes coding for the natural killer: cell receptor natural killer group 2, member D and its ligand MHC class I chain-related protein A

Background: The objective of this present study was to investigate the possible association of natural killer group (NKG) receptors gene polymorphisms and MHC class I chain-related protein A (MICA) gene polymorphism with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).Methods: Three single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in NKG2D gene (rs2255336, rs2617160 and rs2617170) and one SNP in MICA gene (MICA129) rs1051792 were assessed in 100 controls and 100 patients employing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and agarose gel electrophoresis.Results: NKG2D (rs2617160) and MICA 129 (rs1051792) variants are associated with RSA risk in North Indian women.Conclusions: The NKG2D and MICA129 gene polymorphisms may influence the success of pregnancy in North Indian women population

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF MERCURY IN BIDYADHARI RIVER OF SUNDARBAN DELTA, INDIA

Bidyadhari river originates in Nadia district of West Bengal, India and then flows through North 24 Parganas district and now serves as a sewage and excess rainwater outlet from the city of Kolkata and adjacent area, which ultimately empties at the Bay of Bengal through the Indian Sundarban delta. Four different stations situated around the course of the river at considerable distances have been selected from the outfall of sewage canals at Kulti-Ghushighata (S1), where metropolitan sewages discharged and mixed up into water of Bidyadhari river, which ultimately carried through this river via stations Malancha (S2), Kanmari (S3) to Dhamakhali (S4), just before the river confluences with the larger Raimangal river at northern Sundarban delta. This study was conducted to estimate total mercury (Hg) concentration in waters (during high tides and ebb tides) and sediments of Bidyadhari river in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons during the period from March, 2012 to February, 2013 at those stations. It is revealed from the estimated data that agricultural runoff, sewage, effluents from various industries and Kolkata metropolitan, Salt Lake City and adjacent areas of North 24 Parganas district carried and discharged in Bidyadhari river through sewage canals are not so high in mercury content for sediment contamination but alarming in respect of water quality, which crosses the permissible limit of Hg for consumption (0.001 ppm) in wide range of areas at Kanmari and Dhamakhali around the estuary. Enhancement of Hg level in this river water and transportation of the metal through tidal effects to and fro mangrove land of Sundarban may be dangerous for aquatic lives and supposed to be grave concern for the ecology of the Sundarban delta including human

Skin mediated human papillomavirus infection in breast: A report of four cases

To address the ambiguity of different modes of human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission in breast, the immunohistochemical expression of two oncoproteins E6/E7 of HPV16 was analyzed in primary breast cancer (BC) and adjacent normal skin of 4 samples. The patients were of 35–55 years old having no previous history of cancer. The E6/E7 expressions were evident in both skin and BC. In skin, high/moderate cytoplasmic expressions of E6/E7 proteins were seen in all samples, whereas in BC, high/moderate cytoplasmic expressions of the proteins were observed in 2–3 samples. Thus, it seems that HPV infection in the breast may occur through the skin

Features of Neck Pain and its Related Factors Among Patients With Cervical Spondylosis

Background and aims: The prevalence of cervical spondylosis is rising. The objective of this study was to figure out the various features and their related factors among cervical spondylosis patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted enrolling 40 patients from NITOR (National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected from the physiotherapy department of NITOR using convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Patients who were diagnosed with cervical spondylosis were included in this study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Descriptive analysis was done using frequency measures, mean and percentages. Results: Among our respondents, the majority of them were female (62.5%). Majority of the participants were in the age group of 35 to 50 years (62.5%). Many of them were urban population engaged in service or housewives. Stressful job (55%), duration of working hour >8 hours (62.5%) were the most common characteristics among patients. The main location of pain was in the shoulder (82.5%) followed by the neck (77.4%) and forearm (70%). Most patients had intermittent pain (57.5%), numbness (55%), tingling sensation (47.5%) and paresthesia (42.5%). Moderate type of pain (65%), the involvement of both upper limbs (35%) and radiating pain to shoulder (72.5%) were the most reported features by patients. No response to medication was also observed. Conclusion: Being female, middle age group, stressful occupation, location and radiation of pain to shoulder are some of the common features revealed in this study. The findings will help the practitioner to plan their treatment goals and techniques considering the characteristics of patients

Deregulation of LIMD1-VHL-HIF-1α-VEGF pathway is associated with different stages of cervical cancer.

To understand the mechanism of cellular stress in basal-parabasal layers of normal cervical epithelium and during different stages of cervical carcinoma, we analyzed the alterations (expression/methylation/copy number variation/mutation) of HIF-1α and its associated genes LIMD1, VHL and VEGF in disease-free normal cervix (n = 9), adjacent normal cervix of tumors (n = 70), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; n = 32), cancer of uterine cervix (CACX; n = 174) samples and two CACX cell lines. In basal-parabasal layers of normal cervical epithelium, LIMD1 showed high protein expression, while low protein expression of VHL was concordant with high expression of HIF-1α and VEGF irrespective of HPV-16 (human papillomavirus 16) infection. This was in concordance with the low promoter methylation of LIMD1 and high in VHL in the basal-parabasal layers of normal cervix. LIMD1 expression was significantly reduced while VHL expression was unchanged during different stages of cervical carcinoma. This was in concordance with their frequent methylation during different stages of this tumor. In different stages of cervical carcinoma, the expression pattern of HIF-1α and VEGF was high as seen in basal-parabasal layers and inversely correlated with the expression of LIMD1 and VHL. This was validated by demethylation experiments using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in CACX cell lines. Additional deletion of LIMD1 and VHL in CIN/CACX provided an additional growth advantage during cervical carcinogenesis through reduced expression of genes and associated with poor prognosis of patients. Our data showed that overexpression of HIF-1α and its target gene VEGF in the basal-parabasal layers of normal cervix was due to frequent inactivation of VHL by its promoter methylation. This profile was maintained during different stages of cervical carcinoma with additional methylation/deletion of VHL and LIMD1.This work was supported by CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India)-JRF/NET grant [File No.09/030(0059)/2010-EMR-I] to Mr. C.Chakraborty, grant [Sr. No. 2121130723] from UGC (University Grants Commission, Government of India) to Mr. Sudip Samadder, grant [SR/SO/HS-116/2007] from DST (Department of Science and Technology, Government of India) to Dr. C. K. Panda and grant [ No. 60(0111)/14/EMR-II of dt.03/11/2014] from CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India) to Dr. C. K. Pand

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.