ARRANJO PRODUTIVO LOCAL (APL): A EXPERIÊNCIA NO TERRITÓRIO DO SISAL NA BAHIA

The goal of this paper is to study the Local Productive Arrangement (LPA) of Sisal, in Bahia. The LPA of Sisal is an agro-industrial agglomeration, consisting of an extensive network of economic, political and social agents participating in the production chain of sisal – from planting to industrialization. Launched in 2008, the LPA of Sisal was formalized by the Government of Bahia within public policies to support LPAs in Bahia and Brazil. But six years after the adoption of policies to support LPAs, the LPA of Sisal continues disarticulation (and even overlapping) of institutions, low productive and technological level, low profitability of farming (alone or intercropped), low utilization of sisal, and finally, high rate of informal and risky work. Using primary data and secondary data, this paper reveals that the experience of LPA of Sisal still has much to do to achieve high levels of productivity, competitiveness, innovation, and endogenous development.Este artigo tem como objeto de estudo o Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) do Sisal, na Bahia. O APL do Sisal é uma aglomeração agroindustrial, constituída por uma extensa rede de agentes econômicos, políticos e sociais, que participam da cadeia produtiva do sisal – do plantio até a industrialização. Lançado em 2008, o APL do Sisal foi formalizado pelo Governo da Bahia dentro das políticas públicas de apoio a APLs na Bahia e no Brasil. Porém, após seis anos da adoção das políticas de apoio a APLs, o APL do Sisal permanece com desarticulação (e ainda sobreposição) das instituições, baixo nível produtivo e tecnológico, baixa rentabilidade da lavoura (isolada ou consorciada), baixo aproveitamento do sisal e, finalmente, elevada taxa de informalidade e trabalho precário. Utilizando dados primários e dados secundários, este artigo revelou que a experiência do APL do Sisal ainda tem muito por caminhar para atingir um alto nível de produtividade, competitividade, inovação e desenvolvimento endógeno

Trends, geographical variation and factors associated with the use of anti-VEGF intravitreal injections in Portugal (2013-2018): a retrospective analysis of administrative data.

AIMS: The arrival of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies represented a treatment shift for several ophthalmological disorders and led to an increasing number of patients undergoing intravitreal injections. The aims of this observational study were to assess the expansion of anti-VEGF intravitreal injections in the Portuguese National Health System (NHS) and to identify factors correlated with geographical variations in episode rates. METHODS: Administrative database on discharge from Portuguese NHS hospitals was analysed for annual values and rates of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections at a national and regional level, between 2013 and 2018. RESULTS: The number of episodes of anti-VEGF treatment and patients treated increased 16% and 9% per year, respectively, between 2013 and 2018. During the study period around 72% of patients were treated in the Metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto and in the Central region. Intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment rates in 2018 were 560 per 100 000 population and presented high variability between municipalities. Higher anti-VEGF treatment rates at the municipality level were associated with shorter distances between their residence and the hospital. At the hospital level, higher ratio of ophthalmologists and higher organisational level were associated with higher anti-VEGF treatment rates. CONCLUSION: The number of episodes and patients treated with anti-VEGF injections has been growing in recent years. Proximity to healthcare, more access to ophthalmologists and hospitals with higher organisational levels are associated with higher anti-VEGF treatment rates. Improving access is crucial to reduce regional discrepancies and ensure optimal treatment frequency, which may improve health outcomes

AVALIAC?A?O DOS PARA?METROS SEMINAIS E ESPERMA?TICOS DE CAPRINOS JOVENS DA RAC?A BOER NASCIDOS NAS ESTAC?O?ES CHUVOSA E SECA

Este trabalho objetivou determinar motilidade, turbilhonamento, vigor, defeitos maiores e menores dos espermatozoides de caprinos da raça Boer durante a estação chuvosa (n = 11) e seca (n = 11). Na estação chuvosa, a concentração espermática variou de 0,90 ± 1,46 x 109/mL a 2,7 x 109/mL, a motilidade progressiva de 16,0% a 62,0%, o turbilhonamento de 0,3 a 2,6 , vigor de 1,1 a 2,8 , defeitos maiores de 18,3% a 3% e menores de 16,1% a 3,4%. Na estação seca, a concentração espermática variou de 0,96 x 109/mL a 2,15 x 109/mL, a motilidade progressiva de 35,4% a 64,1%, o turbilhonamento de 1,7 a 3,1, vigor de 2,0 a 3,0, defeitos maiores de 16,9% a 4,2% e menores de 17,5% a 3,2%. Foi registrada correlação positiva (P < 0,05) entre motilidade espermática vs turbilhonamento espermático, respectivamente, para a estação chuvosa e seca, motilidade espermática vs vigor espermático bem como negativa entre motilidade progressiva vs defeitos maiores dos espermatozoides e entre motilidade progressiva e defeitos menores dos espermatozoides. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que machos caprinos da raça Boer nascidos na estação seca têm atraso de três meses do início da maturidade sexual em comparação àqueles nascidos na estação chuvosa.  Palavras-chaveS: Boer, caprino, época do nascimento, espermograma.

BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia:Epidemiology and impact

The global all-ages prevalence of epidemiologically-measured 'functional' presbyopia was estimated at 24.9% in 2015, affecting 1.8 billion people. This prevalence was projected to stabilise at 24.1% in 2030 due to increasing myopia, but to affect more people (2.1 billion) due to population dynamics. Factors affecting the prevalence of presbyopia include age, geographic location, urban versus rural location, sex, and, to a lesser extent, socioeconomic status, literacy and education, health literacy and inequality. Risk factors for early onset of presbyopia included environmental factors, nutrition, near demands, refractive error, accommodative dysfunction, medications, certain health conditions and sleep. Presbyopia was found to impact on quality-of-life, in particular quality of vision, labour force participation, work productivity and financial burden, mental health, social wellbeing and physical health. Current understanding makes it clear that presbyopia is a very common age-related condition that has significant impacts on both patient-reported outcome measures and economics. However, there are complexities in defining presbyopia for epidemiological and impact studies. Standardisation of definitions will assist future synthesis, pattern analysis and sense-making between studies

Review of methods for detecting glycemic disorders

Prediabetes (intermediate hyperglycemia) consists of two abnormalities, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) detected by a standardized 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Individuals with isolated IGT or combined IFG and IGT have increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diagnosing prediabetes early and accurately is critical in order to refer high-risk individuals for intensive lifestyle modification. However, there is currently no international consensus for diagnosing prediabetes with HbA1c or glucose measurements based upon American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria that identify different populations at risk for progressing to diabetes. Various caveats affecting the accuracy of interpreting the HbA1c including genetics complicate this further. This review describes established methods for detecting glucose disorders based upon glucose and HbA1c parameters as well as novel approaches including the 1-hour plasma glucose (1-h PG), glucose challenge test (GCT), shape of the glucose curve, genetics, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), measures of insulin secretion and sensitivity, metabolomics, and ancillary tools such as fructosamine, glycated albumin (GA), 1,5- anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG). Of the approaches considered, the 1-h PG has considerable potential as a biomarker for detecting glucose disorders if confirmed by additional data including health economic analysis. Whether the 1-h OGTT is superior to genetics and omics in providing greater precision for individualized treatment requires further investigation. These methods will need to demonstrate substantially superiority to simpler tools for detecting glucose disorders to justify their cost and complexity

Predicting participation of people with impaired vision in epidemiological studies

The characteristics of the target group and the design of an epidemiologic study, in particular the recruiting methods, can influence participation. People with vision impairment have unique characteristics because those invited are often elderly and totally or partially dependent on help to complete daily activities such as travelling to study sites. Therefore, participation of people with impaired vision in studies is less predictable than predicting participation for the general population.This study was supported by FCT (COMPETE/QREN) grant reference PTDC/DPT-EPI/0412/2012 in the context of the Prevalence and Costs of Visual Impairment in Portugal: a hospital based study (PCVIP-study). PLR is funded by FCT (COMPETE/QREN) grant reference SFRH/BD/119420/2016

Estudos Luso-Hispanos de História do Direito

El primer volumen de los Estudios Luso-Hispanos de Historia del Derecho/ Estudos Luso-Hispanos de História do Direito recoge los trabajos presentados en el ámbito de la segunda edición del EHLHD (Encuentro Hispano-Luso de Historiadores del Derecho/Encontro Hispano-Luso de Historiadores do Direito), celebrado los días 6, 7 y 8 de julio de 2017 en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.Presentación / Laura Beck Varela y María Julia Solla Sastre (pp. 9-12). -- Quando il diritto era ancora compatto. Perché la storia giuridica svizzera è così diversa? / Pio Caroni (pp. 13-43). -- El derecho municipal medieval de la Cataluña Nueva (siglos XIII-XVII) / Josep Serrano Daura (pp. 45-62). -- Algunas consideraciones sobre el régimen local cantábrico frente al fomento naval y forestal en la Corona de Castilla (c.1560-1570) / Alfredo José Martínez González (pp. 63-91). -- Organização judiciária e administração da justiça no Portugal filipino: a “reformaçam da justiça” de Filipe I de Portugal (1582) / Jorge Veiga Testos (pp. 93-121). -- El oficio de secretario en la doctrina jurídica de la Edad Moderna / Marina Rojo Gallego-Burín (pp. 123-149). -- Notas sobre la reforma municipal carolina en Sevilla: la representación del común / María del Mar Tizón Ferrer (pp. 151-165). -- Un programa ilustrado para la formación de juristas. El Plan de Estudios de Pablo de Olavide de 1768 / Fernando Liendo Tagle (pp. 167-198). -- La formación del jurista en el virreinato del Perú en las postrimerías del antiguo régimen / Carlos Tormo Camallonga (pp. 199-237). -- Propiedad moderna y alteridad indígena en Brasil (1755-1862) / Camilla de Freitas Macedo (pp. 239-270). -- Direito, política e sociedade: as Novas Conquistas de Goa durante o Perismo. Os contributos de Nery Xavier e Cláudio Lagrange / Luís Pedroso de Lima Cabral de Oliveira y João Pedro Caleira (pp. 271-303). -- Horizonte nacional, espacio tradicional. La construcción jurídica de la nación y el extranjero en la constitución de Cádiz / Iván Pastoriza Martínez (pp. 305-337). -- La disolución de los consejos: entre quiebras, confusiones y continuidad (1834-1836) / Antonio Manuel Luque Reina (pp. 339-371). -- Justicia legal y derecho judicial: la influencia de la jurisprudencia en la formación de la ciencia jurídica isabelina / Blanca Sáenz de Santa María Gómez-Mampaso (pp. 373-409). -- Nuevas etiquetas disciplinares y sus contiendas: las ciencias políticas ante el derecho en Francia (1871-1900) / Pedro Luis López Herráiz (pp. 411-449). -- O casamento na legislação de 1910 em Portugal. A mudança de paradigma nas relações familiares / Miriam Afonso Brigas (pp. 451-479). -- Primeira Lei do Contrato de Trabalho em Portugal: Lei nº 1.952, de 10 de Março de 1937 / Margarida Seixas (pp. 481-513). -- A Revisão Constitucional de 1971: o Projecto de Lei 6/X da “Ala Liberal” num contexto de tensões internas no Marcelismo / Filipe de Arede Nunes (pp. 515-543)

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio