Socialisation et génération des connaissances : distinguer les collectifs des communautés

International audienceNous proposons de montrer que tous les groupes qui se forment dans des buts coopératifs et selon des modalités autonomes vis-à-vis des modèles économiques standards ne sont pas toujours des communautés. A l'heure actuelle, tout semble se passer comme si seulement deux modèles d'organisation de génération des connaissances pouvaient exister (firme et communauté). Pourtant, nous avons assisté depuis quelques années à l'émergence de collectifs au rôle économique et social déterminant. Un modèle présente de manière inédite les processus de socialisation et les processus de génération des connaissances. Nous démontrons deux points précis. Tout d'abord que communautés et collectifs partagent bien certains modèles de génération des connaissances. Ces deux formes de socialisation ne doivent pas être opposées de manière trop brutale. En complément, nous constatons que les processus de formation, les motivations à agir et les rapports à l'innovation se différencient en particulier en ce qui concerne leur temporalité de construction. Finalement, nous montrons que la logique affinitaire qui prévaut dans les collectifs est moins affectuelle que fondée sur des éléments de légitimité dans l'espace social investi. La constitution d'un collectif n'est pas une mise en commun, mais une sociation visant à la construction et la promotion de nouvelles valeurs. 2 Socialisation et génération des connaissances : distinguer les collectifs des communauté

Radio-Communications Architectures

Wireless communications, i.e. radio-communications, are widely used for our different daily needs. Examples are numerous and standard names like BLUETOOTH, WiFI, WiMAX, UMTS, GSM and, more recently, LTE are well-known [Baudoin et al. 2007]. General applications in the RFID or UWB contexts are the subject of many papers. This chapter presents radio-frequency (RF) communication systems architecture for mobile, wireless local area networks (WLAN) and connectivity terminals. An important aspect of today's applications is the data rate increase, especially in connectivity standards like WiFI and WiMAX, because the user demands high Quality of Service (QoS). To increase the data rate we tend to use wideband or multi-standard architecture. The concept of software radio includes a self-reconfigurable radio link and is described here on its RF aspects. The term multi-radio is preferred. This chapter focuses on the transmitter, yet some considerations about the receiver are given. An important aspect of the architecture is that a transceiver is built with respect to the radio-communications signals. We classify them in section 2 by differentiating Continuous Wave (CW) and Impulse Radio (IR) systems. Section 3 is the technical background one has to consider for actual applications. Section 4 summarizes state-of-the-art high data rate architectures and the latest research in multi-radio systems. In section 5, IR architectures for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) systems complete this overview; we will also underline the coexistence and compatibility challenges between CW and IR systems

Cost-utility Analysis of Vertebroplasty versus Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis in the Treatment of Traumatic Vertebral Fractures

Purpose: To evaluate the cost-utility of Vertebroplasty versus conservative therapy (Thoracolumbosacral orthosis) for treatment of post-traumatic non-osteoporotic and/or non-neoplastic fractures.Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized, non-blinded, single-center study was carried out between 2010 and 2013. The study included 99 patients, aged from 18 years to 70 years, suffering from acute non-osteoporotic vertebral fracture. We compared costs and Quality-Adjusted Life Years and assessed the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio for the two arm groups. Health insurance, patient and societal perspectives are considered. Results: For health insurance perspective, total cost was €7,267 for the brace group versus €7,365 for the vertebroplasty group (mean difference €75.3; p <0.9). For patient perspective, total cost was €5,303 for the brace group and €3,435 for the vertebroplasty group (mean difference €-1,900.7; p<0.02). For societal perspective, total cost was €13,071 for the brace group and €14,289 for the vertebroplasty group (mean difference €1,165, p <0.36). Differences between groups in QALY were non-significant: 0.01 (95% CI -0.01; 0.04 p=0.5). The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio was €-12,200 for the health insurance perspective, €159,200 for the patient perspective and €119,466 for societal perspective. Conclusion: The difference in QALYs does not differ between the two groups, but the vertebroplasty technique results in significantly lower costs from a patient perspective. From societal and health insurance perspectives, we are unable to conclude if the vertebroplasty was more cost-effective than Thoracolumbosacral orthosis

AMIDA 5 : localisation et chronologie des moulins hydrauliques d’Amida

Introduction Été 359, sur la frontière orientale de l’Empire : la confrontation majeure, longtemps différée, semble désormais imminente entre Perses et Romains. Depuis quelques semaines, des corps expéditionnaires sassanides sillonnent la plaine de Gumathène, en cette partie septentrionale de la province de Mésopotamie qui confine au Taurus. C’est le prélude à l’invasion générale de l’Empire que Sapor II projette depuis des années. Tandis que, plus au sud, on avait fait incendier les campagne..

Analyse de l'influence du codage d'enveloppe sur les performances de l'amplificateur classe E d'une architecture polaire.

National audienceAujourd'hui on observe une augmentation de la dynamique des signaux pour les nouveaux standards. L'utilisation d'amplificateurs linéaires ne permet pas d'obtenir de forts rendements. On peut envisager d'utiliser des amplificateurs en classe commutée associés à une architecture polaire fournissant un signal à enveloppe constante. Cela grâce à un codage de l'enveloppe par un modulateur de type ΣΔ . Le but de cet article est de comprendre l'influence que peut avoir la forme d'un signal binaire sur les performances en commutation d'un amplificateur classe E conçu pour une application Wimax mobile (3.7GHz). L'article étudie les performances pour différentes répartitions probabilistes des niveaux à plusieurs fréquences de codage

Simulation and analysis of exotic non-specular phenomena

Le journal, Open Access, demande à ce qu'on ne dépose pas d'exemplaire du papier sur un autre serveur. https://www.jeos.org/index.php/jeos_rp/article/view/10025International audienceWhen coupled modes are excited in a multilayered structure, the profile of the reflected beam presents exotic characteristics like unexpectedly large lateral shifts or beam enlargment. These results are surprising because they are not accounted for by classical approaches (Artmann's formula or Tamir's description of the reflected beam's profile). Studying such situations requires reliable numerical tools - that is why our programmes are published with this paper. Such tools can be used to understand the behaviour of any multi-layered structure

Amida 4 : Constance II et Amida

Introduction Depuis quelques années, la figure de Constance II s’éclaire quelque peu. Le fils de Constantin commence à émerger de l’opprobre où l’avait plongé, dans l’ombre écrasante de son père, une tradition historiographique moderne par trop influencée par le jugement souvent défavorable des anciens. Deux domaines ont été particulièrement l’objet, ces dernières années, de cette ‘réhabilitation’ : l’action diplomatique et militaire, l’activité édilitaire. Constance, en effet, ne semble pas ..

The breadth of maternal HIV-1 specific neutralizing antibodies is not associated with a lower risk of mother-to-infant transmission

International audienc

Comparison between elementary flux modes analysis and 13C-metabolic fluxes measured in bacterial and plant cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>¹³C metabolic flux analysis is one of the pertinent ways to compare two or more physiological states. From a more theoretical standpoint, the structural properties of metabolic networks can be analysed to explore feasible metabolic behaviours and to define the boundaries of steady state flux distributions. Elementary flux mode analysis is one of the most efficient methods for performing this analysis. In this context, recent approaches have tended to compare experimental flux measurements with topological network analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Metabolic networks describing the main pathways of central carbon metabolism were set up for a bacteria species (<it>Corynebacterium glutamicum</it>) and a plant species (<it>Brassica napus</it>) for which experimental flux maps were available. The structural properties of each network were then studied using the concept of elementary flux modes. To do this, coefficients of flux efficiency were calculated for each reaction within the networks by using selected sets of elementary flux modes. Then the relative differences - reflecting the change of substrate <it>i.e</it>. a sugar source for <it>C</it>. <it>glutamicum </it>and a nitrogen source for <it>B</it>. <it>napus </it>- of both flux efficiency and flux measured experimentally were compared. For both organisms, there is a clear relationship between these parameters, thus indicating that the network structure described by the elementary flux modes had captured a significant part of the metabolic activity in both biological systems. In <it>B</it>. <it>napus</it>, the extension of the elementary flux mode analysis to an enlarged metabolic network still resulted in a clear relationship between the change in the coefficients and that of the measured fluxes. Nevertheless, the limitations of the method to fit some particular fluxes are discussed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This consistency between EFM analysis and experimental flux measurements, validated on two metabolic systems allows us to conclude that elementary flux mode analysis could be a useful tool to complement ¹³C metabolic flux analysis, by allowing the prediction of changes in internal fluxes before carbon labelling experiments.</p