Síntese e Caracterização de Biodiesel de Sebo Bovino e de sua Mistura B10

Biodiesel has become an alternative to mineral diesel; it already has been in 7% biodiesel to diesel. The intention of the Brazilian government to increase the biodiesel content in the mixture to 10% which will promote an increase in demand for raw materials for the production of biodiesel. Among them is the beef tallow which is presented as one of the cheapest raw materials among the available ones. Associated with this increase in production has been the need to improve the processes of synthesis and analyze their properties as oxidative stability (OS) in mixtures with mineral diesel. Based on this, this study aimed to analyze the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability tallow biodiesel B10 and its beef mixture. In the present work, beef tallow biodiesel was synthesized through methylic rout and was mixture to mineral diesel type B (10 wt %) without anything additives. Physic-chemical properties of biodiesel samples and that mixture were determinate, indicating that both samples are agreement with Brazilian Specifications, and the mixture has showed around 10% less sulfur than diesel. Furthermore, oxidative stability of beef tallow biodiesel is higher than at stipulated in norm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v7i1.68

Aplicação de Azospirillum brasilense e nitrogênio em cobertura em híbridos de milho

Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most cultivated cereal in the world. The high yields obtained for this crop are mainly linked to nitrogen requirements. Technologies that aim to reduce costs with nitrogen fertilizers, with less environmental impact, such as diazotrophic bacteria, should be considered an advantageous alternative for this crop. The present study aimed to evaluate two corn hybrids, BioGene 7046® and Dekalb 310®, with three topdressing nitrogen doses (0.35 and 70 kg ha-1 of N) associated with four application methods of Azospirillum brasilense (without inoculation, seed inoculation, foliar inoculation, and the combination of inoculation via seeds and leaves). A randomized block design with four replications arranged in a 2x3x4 factorial scheme was used to evaluate variables related to growth and development, physiological analysis of nitrate reductase enzyme activity, and yield variables and their components. The use of Azospirillum brasilense did not affect the development of corn plants and did not increase grain yield. In the edaphoclimatic conditions in which this research was developed, nitrogen fertilization at doses of 35 and 70 kg ha-1 benefit nutrition, development, and corn yield components but are insufficient to increase grain yield.O milho (Zea mays L.) é o cereal mais cultivado no mundo. As altas produtividades obtidas para esta cultura estão ligadas principalmente às exigências ao nitrogênio. Tecnologias que visam à redução dos custos com fertilizantes nitrogenados, com menor impacto ao meio ambiente como a utilização de bactérias diazotróficas devem ser consideradas uma alternativa vantajosa para esta cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar dois híbridos de milho BioGene 7046® e Dekalb 310® com 3 doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0,35 e 70 kg ha-1 de N) associado com 4 métodos de aplicação de Azospirillum brasilense (sem inoculação, inoculação nas sementes, inoculação foliar e a combinação de inoculação via sementes e folhas). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições com arranjo fatorial 2x3x4 avaliando-se, as variáveis relacionadas ao crescimento e desenvolvimento, análise fisiológica da atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato e variáveis do rendimento e seus componentes. O uso de Azospirillum brasilense não teve efeito no desenvolvimento das plantas de milho e não incrementou a produtividade de grãos. Nas condições edafoclimáticas em que foi desenvolvida essa pesquisa a adubação nitrogenada nas doses de 35 e 70 kg ha-1 beneficiam a nutrição, o desenvolvimento e os componentes da produção do milho, porém não são suficientes para proporcionar incrementos na produtividade de grãos

Medidas de distanciamiento social para el combate a la COVID-19 en Brasil : caracterización y análisis epidemiológico por estado

Medidas de distanciamento social vêm sendo amplamente adotadas para mitigar a pandemia da COVID-19. No entanto, pouco se sabe quanto ao seu impacto no momento da implementação, abrangência e duração da vigência das medidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as medidas de distanciamento social implementadas pelas Unidades da Federação (UF) brasileiras, incluindo o tipo de medida e o momento de sua adoção. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com caracterização do tipo, momento cronológico e epidemiológico da implementação e abrangência das medidas. O levantamento das medidas foi realizado por meio de buscas em sites oficiais das Secretarias de Governo e no Diário Oficial de cada UF. Os números de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 foram obtidos de uma plataforma de informações oficiais. Consideramos as seguintes categorias de medidas de distanciamento social: suspensão de eventos, suspensão de aulas, quarentena para grupos de risco, paralisação econômica (parcial ou plena), restrição de transporte e quarentena para a população. O momento de implementação considerou a data cronológica e também o momento epidemiológico, levando em conta o tempo após o décimo caso ou primeiro óbito por COVID-19 em cada UF. Todas as UF implementaram medidas de distanciamento, em sua maioria durante a segunda quinzena de março de 2020. Paralisação econômica foi implementada precocemente, anterior ao décimo caso por 67% e anterior ao primeiro óbito por COVID-19 por 89% das UF. As medidas de distanciamento social foram amplamente implementadas no Brasil, de maneira precoce, antes ou na fase inicial da curva de crescimento exponencial de casos e óbitos por COVID-19 na grande maioria das UF.Social distancing measures have been widely adopted to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about the timing of measures’ implementation, scope, and duration in relation to their impact. The study aimed to describe the social distancing measures implemented by Brazil’s states and the Federal District, including the types of measures and the timing of their implementation. This is a descriptive study of the measures’ type, chronological and epidemiological timing of the implementation, and scope. The survey of measures used searches in official websites of the government departments and each state’s Government Register. The official number of COVID-19 cases and deaths were obtained from an official a data platform. We considered the following categories of social distancing measures: suspension of events, school closure, quarantine of risk groups, economic lockdown (partial or full), restrictions on transportation, and quarantine of the population. The implementation’s timing considered both the chronological date and the epidemiological timing, based on the time since the 10th case or 1st death from COVID-19 in each state. All the states implemented distancing measures, mostly during the latter half of March 2020. Economic lockdown was implemented early, prior to the 10th case by 67% of the states and prior to the 1st death from COVID-19 by 89% of the states. Early social distancing measures were widely implemented in Brazil, before or in the initial phase of the exponential growth curve of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the great majority of states.Medidas de distanciamiento social están siendo ampliamente adoptadas para mitigar la pandemia de la COVID-19. No obstante, poco se sabe en cuanto al momento de implementación, alcance y duración de la vigencia de las medidas en su impacto. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las medidas de distanciamiento social, implementadas por las Unidades de la Federación (UF) brasileñas, incluyendo el tipo de medida y el momento de su implementación. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con caracterización del tipo, momento cronológico y epidemiológico de la implementación y alcance de las medidas. La obtención de las medidas se realizó a través de búsquedas en sitios oficiales de las Secretarías de Gobierno y Boletín Oficial de cada UF. Los números de casos y óbitos por COVID-19 se obtuvieron de una plataforma de información oficial. Consideramos las siguientes categorías de medidas de distanciamiento social: suspensión de eventos, suspensión de clases, cuarentena para grupos de riesgo, paralización económica (parcial o plena), restricción de transporte y cuarentena para la población. El momento de implementación consideró la fecha cronológica y también el momento epidemiológico, considerando el tiempo tras el 10º caso o 1er óbito por COVID-19 en cada UF. Todas las UF implementaron medidas de distanciamiento, en su mayoría durante la segunda quincena de marzo de 2020. Se implementó la paralización económica precozmente, anterior al 10º caso por 67% y anterior al 1er óbito por COVID-19 por 89% de las UF. Las medidas de distanciamiento social fueron ampliamente implementadas en Brasil, de manera precoz, antes o en la fase inicial de la curva de crecimiento exponencial de casos y óbitos por COVID-19 en la gran mayoría de las UF

O IMPACTO DO USO DE AGROTÓXICO NA AGRICULTURA E OS PROBLEMAS DE SAÚDE PÚBLICA: UMA REVISÃO

In Brazil, the agricultural sector is one of the main bases of the economy, both for agribusiness in the production of commodities for export, and for family farming in food production, both with growth prospects. Due to large exports, food production had to be faster, using pesticides and harming human and environmental health. The objective of this article is to understand the impact that the use of pesticides has on the rural population and the problems that it can cause to public health. This is an integrative literature review study, which used the VHL, LILACS and Medline as the search database. Only ten articles were found, therefore only eight were selected. These studies were published between the years 2018 and 2023. The more exposed to the pesticide, the greater the risk of developing some pathology, be it unidentified poisoning, hematological problems with an insistent cause, cancer, degenerative disease, among other causes.No Brasil, o setor agropecuário é uma das principais bases da economia, tanto pelo agronegócio na produção de commodities para exportação, quanto pela agricultura familiar na produção de alimentos, ambos com perspectiva de crescimento. Devido as grandes exportações, a produção de alimentos teve que ser mais rápida fazendo o uso de agrotóxico e prejudicando a saúde humana e ambiental. O objetivo deste artigo é compreender o impacto que o uso de agrotóxico causa na população rural e os problemas que a mesma pode trazer a saúde pública. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo revisão de literatura integrativa, que teve a BVS, LILACS e Medline, como base de dados de busca.  Foram encontrados apenas dez artigos, portanto apenas oito foram selecionados. Estes estudos foram publicados entre os anos de 2018 a 2023. Quanto mais expostos ao agrotóxico maior será o risco de desenvolver alguma patologia seja uma intoxicação não identificada, problemas hematológicos com causa insistente, câncer, doença degenerativa, entre outras causas

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Análise estimada da dispersão espacial dos coliformes termotolerantes durante os períodos de inverno e verão na laguna Mundaú, Alagoas, Brasil

This study had as main objective to esteem the behavior of the space distribution of "fecal coliforms" in the lagoon Mundaú, between the months of June and December of 2007, exclusively using free softwares gvSIG 1.9, quantum Gis 1.4 and the operating system Linux. The adopted methodology concentrated basically on the obtaining and generation of the base of data and in the interpolation of the samples values by means of the algorithm of the Inverse of the Distance to the Potency. The samples were obtained in different times, being the first campaign accomplished in June and Monday in December of 2007, both without rain occurrence in the last 24 hours. Thus, starting from the results and of the bacteriological analyses considerable concentrations of fecal coliforms were observed in the collections accomplished in the both analyzed periods. However, with base in the resolution CONAMA n°. 274 of 29/11/2000, it was verified that only the relative waters to the month of June are inappropriate for bathing, with concentrations of fecal coliform approximately 6.5 larger times than the allowed value. On the other hand, the results reached in the month of December were considered satisfactory, with less concentrations to 900 coliforms for 100 milliliters.Pages: 5722-572