76 research outputs found

    Equidad en las reformas de la seguridad social en América Latina : una evaluación crítica

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    A lo largo del último cuarto de siglo se acometieron en América Latina reformas en los sistemas de pensiones que introdujeron esquemas de capitalización privados de carácter obligatorio. En este trabajo se articulan algunas críticas contra la teoría y la práctica de los nuevos sistemas. Desde el punto de vista de la equidad intergeneracional se sostiene que los nuevos sistemas no resuelven parte de los problemas atribuidos a los sistemas públicos e introducen nuevas distorsiones en las tasas de retorno que recibe cada generación. Desde una óptica de equidad intrageneracional, se justifica que las reformas son susceptibles de deteriorar aún más la ya escasa capacidad redistributiva de los sistemas. Por último, se presentan recomendaciones de política económica para abordar estos problemas. _______________________________________Along the last quarter of the century, pension reforms which introduced private and mandatory capitalization schemes were implemented in Latin America. In this paper, the author states some criticisms against the theory and the practise of the new systems. From the point of view of intergenerational equity, it is argued that the new systems not only do not solve some of the problems attributed to public systems but also introduce new distortions in the rates of return which each generation receives. From the optic of intragenerational equity, the paper justifies that reforms are susceptible to worsen the poor redistributive capacity of the present systems. Finally, the author offers several policy implications for dealing with these problems

    Análisis económico de la reforma de la seguridad social en Nicaragua: Una propuesta de pensión no contributiva en Nicaragua

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    En 1999 el gobierno nicaragüense decidió reformar su sistema de pensiones adoptando un esquema provisional de capitalización individual. Por diversos motivos esta reforma no ha entrado en vigor y su puesta en marcha está aplazada sine die. Este trabajo argumenta que, dada la estructura del mercado laboral del país, un cambio de esas características no resuelve los problemas existentes. Asimismo, se presenta una propuesta de reforma basada en la extensión de la cobertura de las prestaciones a través de beneficios no contributivos. Se simula el coste fiscal de una prestación focalizada y universal en varios escenarios de crecimiento económico.Nicaragua ; reforma ; pensiones no contributivas

    LA REFORMA DE LA SEGURIDAD SOCIAL EN NICARAGUA: UNA PROPUESTA DE PENSIÓN NO CONTRIBUTIVA

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    En 1999 el gobierno nicaragüense decidió reformar su sistema de pensiones adoptando un esquema previsional de capitalización individual. Por diversos motivos esta reforma no ha entrado en vigor y su puesta en marcha está aplazada sine die. Este trabajo argumenta que, dada la estructura del mercado laboral del país, un cambio de esas características no resuelve los problemas existentes. Asimismo, se presenta una propuesta de reforma basada en la extensión de la cobertura de las prestaciones a través de beneficios no contributivos. Se simula el coste fiscal de una prestación focalizada y universal a corto y a medio plazo en varios escenarios de crecimiento económico

    The Game Theory in Quantum Computers: A Review

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    Game theory has been studied extensively in recent centuries as a set of formal mathematical strategies for optimal decision making. This discipline improved its efficiency with the arrival, in the 20th century, of digital computer science. However, the computational limitations related to exponential time type problems in digital processors, triggered the search for more efficient alternatives. One of these choices is quantum computing. Certainly, quantum processors seem to be able to solve some of these complex problems, at least in theory. For this reason, in recent times, many research works have emerged related to the field of quantum game theory. In this paper we review the main studies about the subject, including operational requirements and implementation details. In addition, we describe various quantum games, their design strategy, and the used supporting tools. We also present the still open debate linked to the interpretation of the transformations of classical algorithms in fundamental game theory to their quantum version, with special attention to the Nash equilibrium

    Reliability of IBM’s Public Quantum Computers

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    One of the challenges of the current ecosystem of quantum computers (QC) is the stabilization of the coherence associated with the entanglement of the states of their inner qubits. In this empirical study, we monitor the reliability of IBM’s public-access QCs network on a daily basis. Each of these state-of-the-art machines has a totally different qubit association, and this entails that for a given (same) input program, they may output a different set of probabilities for the assembly of results (including both the right and the wrong ones). Although we focus on the computing structure provided by the “Big Blue” company, our survey can be easily transferred to other currently available quantum mainframes. In more detail, we probe these quantum processors with an ad hoc designed computationally demanding quaternary search algorithm. As stated, this quantum program is executed every 24 hours (for nearly 100 days) and its goal is to put to the limit the operational capacity of this novel and genuine type of equipment. Next, we perform a comparative analysis of the obtained results according to the singularities of each computer and over the total number of executions. In addition, we subsequently apply (for 50 days) an improvement filtering to perform noise mitigation on the results obtained proposed by IBM. The Yorktown 5-qubit computer reaches noise filtering of up to 33% in one day, that is, a 90% confidence level is reached in the expected results. From our continuous and long-term tests, we derive that room still exists regarding the improvement of quantum calculators in order to guarantee enough confidence in the returned outcomes

    The effects of an experience of curricular renewal on Introductory Economics students

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    Este trabajo describe los efectos sobre el rendimiento de los estudiantes y su percepción sobre la materia de una renovación curricular consistente en la introducción del libro The Economy (Curriculum in Open-access Resources in Economics [CORE] Team, 2017) en un curso inicial de Economía en el Grado en Ciencia Política y Administración Pública de la Universidad de Salamanca (USAL). Los resultados de nuestra experiencia sugieren un incremento del rendimiento académico de los estudiantes, una valoración generalmente muy positiva por parte del alumnado y un incremento del interés en la materia. Sin embargo, cabe destacar como, a pesar de estos resultados positivos, persisten barreras que limitan los resultados positivos de esta iniciativa, destacando el poco recurso a la bibliografía de parte del alumnado o las dificultades para manejar referencias en inglés en una fracción relevante de los estudiantes.This work describes the effects of introducing a new curriculum in an introductory course in Economics, through the book The Economy (Curriculum in Open-access Resources in Economics CORE Team, 2017), on students’ academic performance and perception of the subject in the context of the bachelor’s degree in Political Science and Public Administration at the University of Salamanca (USAL). We find that this action results in an increase in the academic performance of students, a positive valuation of the new approach by students and increase in the pupils’ interest in the subject. Nevertheless, there remain relevant barriers limiting the potential benefits of this initiative, like the low use of suggested bibliography and the difficulties with English language reported by many students
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