EFFECT OF RASAPRAVICHARANA CIKITSA (TASTE SPECIFIC DRUG THERAPY) IN KAPHA DOMINANCE OF TAMAKA SWASA (ASTHMA) - A CASE SERIES

Rasapravicharana cikitsa is the administration of drugs in accordance with the Rasam (taste) after assessing the Doshic imbalance in diseases. The basic approach of Ayurveda is to normalize the Doshas in aggravated or depleted conditions occurred in the manifestation of disease. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of Rasapravicharana cikitsa (taste specific drug therapy) in aggravated Kapha dosha of Kapha dominant Tamaka swasa (asthma). The study was conducted on 10 patients between the age group 16 to 70 yrs of both the sexes. The patients were administered with Katu (pungent) rasa drug ie, powder of the dried fruit of Maricham (Piper nigrum Linn) at the dose of 500 mg, Tikta (bitter) rasa drug i.e., dried Vasa leaf powder (Adhatoda vasica Nees) at the dose of 3gm, and Kashaya (astringent) rasa drug i.e., powder of the dried fruit pericarp of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz.) at the dose of 3gm, 8 AM and 8 PM after food daily in luke warm water respectively for a period of two weeks each. The Katu rasa drug administered for 14 days produced highly significant reduction in dyspnoea, cough bout frequency, wheeze, expectoration of sputum and quantity of sputum, and significant improvement in PEFRate. But no significant improvement was observed in PEF%. The administration of Tikta rasa drug in the next 14 days resulted in highly significant reduction in cough bout frequency and expectoration of sputum and significant reduction in dyspnoea. The reduction was maintained in other signs and symptoms. The Kashaya rasa drug used in the last 14 days significantly improved PEFRate. Reduction in other signs and symptoms was maintained. The management according to Rasapravicharana cikitsa has a significant role in the pacification of Doshas involved in the manifestation of diseases. &nbsp

On the Toxicity of Therapeutically Used Nanoparticles: An Overview

Human beings have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles throughout their evolutionary stages, and such exposures have increased dramatically over the last century. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology will result in new sources of this exposure, through inhalation, ingestion, and injection. Although nanomaterials are currently being widely used in modern technology, there is a serious lack of information concerning the human health and environmental implications of manufactured nanomaterials. Since these are relatively new particles, it is necessary to investigate their toxicological behavior. The objective of this review was to trace the cellular response to nanosized particle exposure. Therapeutic application of selected nanoparticles together with their range of toxic doses was also reviewed. Effect of therapeutically used nanoparticles on cell membrane, mitochondrial function, prooxidant/antioxidant status, enzyme leakage, DNA, and other biochemical endpoints was elucidated. This paper highlights the need for caution during the use and disposal of such manufactured nanomaterials to prevent unintended environmental impacts

THE ROLE OF AIRWAY MUCUS HYPER SECRETION DUE TO KAPHA VITIATION IN TAMAKA SVASA (ASTHMA): PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACH

Tamakasvasa (asthma) is a mucous hypersecretory respiratory disease. The inspissated mucus produced by vitiated Kapha obstructs the bronchi and other small air passages in the pathological development of the disease. Physiologically Kapha dosa provides strength (Bala) to the body due to the intrinsic qualities unctuousness (Snigda), coldness (Sita), heaviness (Guru), slowness (Manda), smoothness (Slasna), softness (Mrisna), stability (Sthira) etc. Being an organ in the specific site of Kapha dosha i.e., thorax (Uras), production of mucus in lungs is normal. Etiological factors that irritate respiratory tract stimulate inflammatory process and due to this, mucus is produced in excess. Due to the excessive vitiation of qualities of Kapha the mucus turns highly viscous and the normal clearance of mucus by airflow and ciliary function is hampered. Thus gelatinous mucus plugs tend to develop in the airways. The gel-forming MUC genes MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B commonly seen in respiratory secretions and stomach, duodenum, gall bladder etc have major role in the formation of airway mucus. Due to the ingestion of unwholesome food stomach (Amasaya) where Kapha reside, act as the organ of origin of the disease. The main pharmacotherapeutic objective in the management of Tamakasvasa is reduction of airway obstruction and airflow limitation by enhancing mucus clearance. This can be achieved by altering the rheological properties of bronchial mucus and inhibition of mucus hyper secretion and airway hyper responsiveness by procedure based therapies and pharmacological methods of Sleshmavilayana, Srotomardavakarana and rationale use of taste specific drug therapy (Rasapravicarana chikitsa)

Turbulent convective heat transfer and pressure drop of dilute CuO (copper oxide) - water nanofluid Inside a circular tube

This paper was presented at the 3rd Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2011), which was held at the Makedonia Palace Hotel, Thessaloniki in Greece. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Italian Union of Thermofluiddynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Thessaly, IPEM, the Process Intensification Network, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Heat Transfer Society, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group, and the Energy Institute.Turbulent forced convective heat transfer and pressure drop of 0.01 vol.% CuO-water nanofluid was assessed experimentally. The nanofluids were made flow into a heated horizontal tube under uniform constant heat flux within Reynolds number range of 11,500 to 32,000. The first objective is to know how close traditional correlation/formula for, both, heat transfer and pressure drop can predict nanofluid’s heat transfer and pressure drop. The second is to know how nanofluid’s convective heat transfer and pressure drop are compared to those of its base fluid; in this case water. The results showed that the abovementioned characteristics of the nanofluid can be predicted by the traditional correlation available. It is also found that the nanofluid’s Nusselt number and friction factor, which represent the heat transfer rate and pressure drop, respectively, are close to those of water. Hence, there is no anomaly due to the dispersed nanoparticles within the water.KACST (King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology

Evaluating the use of risk-identification techniques in the South African construction industry

Abstract: Purpose of this paper: This paper seeks to investigate the current use of risk-identification techniques in the South African construction industry. Methodology: An extensive literature search was conducted to collect the secondary data; and these were supplemented by primary data via a questionnaire survey. These were then distributed to contractors, who were conveniently sampled in Gauteng (South Africa). The data were analysed by using the Mean-Item Score (MIS). Findings: A total of twelve risk-identification techniques were identified, of which checklist, flowchart and brainstorming were rated as the most used risk-identification techniques in construction projects in Gauteng. Research limitations: This research was conducted only with considered contractors in the Gauteng province. Further research could include an increased target population more representative of the South African construction industry. Practical implications: Practitioners and researchers are likely to find the study useful; as it discusses the risk-identification techniques used in construction; and in particular, it seeks to report empirically on the techniques mostly applied in identifying risks in construction projects. Valuable information about current risk-identification techniques are provided..

The Poet and the Prophet

In 2002, nearly 70 years after its completion, a long essay by the celebrated Iraqi poet Maaruf Rusafi on the nature of prophecy in Islam was published in Germany. His reading of early Islamic history, in particular of the accomplishments of the Prophet Muhammad, roughly coincided with another new reading; that by the Egyptian Ali Abd al-Raziq. Rusafi’s admiration for Muhammad is enormous and he credits him with inspiring the Arabs to initiate a new order, taking humanity from the reign of tribal customs to the vision of communities built on shared ethics and beliefs

Use of Microtremors for the Estimation of Ground Vibration Characteristics

Short-period micro tremor array observation is conducted at five sites in the Tokyo Metropolitan area of Japan. The Fourier spectra of horizontal and vertical components show variations in time, but their ratio is stable for different time instants. The characteristics of the amplitude ratio are similar to that of Rayleigh wave and the period correspond to the peak ratio correspond to the predominant period of the sites for shear wave propagation. A parametric study for two-layered models reveals that the peaks for Rayleigh wave and shear wave are close for the ground having large impedance ratio. The F-K spectrum analysis using vertical components obtained the phase velocity close to the dispersion curve for the Rayleigh wave

Exploiting the Synergy Between Gossiping and Structured Overlays

In this position paper we argue for exploiting the synergy between gossip-based algorithms and structured overlay networks (SON). These two strands of research have both aimed at building fault-tolerant, dynamic, self-managing, and large-scale distributed systems. Despite the common goals, the two areas have, however, been relatively isolated. We focus on three problem domains where there is an untapped potential of using gossiping combined with SONs. We argue for applying gossip-based membership for ring-based SONs---such as Chord and Bamboo---to make them handle partition mergers and loopy networks. We argue that small world SONs---such as Accordion and Mercury---are specifically well-suited for gossip-based membership management. The benefits would be better graph-theoretic properties. Finally, we argue that gossip-based algorithms could use the overlay constructed by SONs. For example, many unreliable broadcast algorithms for SONs could be augmented with anti-entropy protocols. Similarly, gossip-based aggregation could be used in SONs for network size estimation and load-balancing purposes

Isolation of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in Malaysia containing plasmids showing homology with biotinylated Shiga-like toxin DNA gene probes

Three strains of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from patients with haemorrhagic colitis harboured plasmids ranging in size from 2.7 kb to 91.2 kb. Those plasmids ranging from 2.7 kb to 6.8 kb hybridized to Shiga-like toxin I and Shiga-like toxin II gene probes

Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Triorganotin Carboxylates Containing Functionalised Ester Groups in Tests Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria

Bacterial screening employing the agar diffusion test on triphenyltin carboxylates containing various functional residues in the ester moiety revealed appreciable differences in their activities relative to triphenyltin acetate. Among these, [3-(Diethylphosphono)propionato] triphenyltin (1) and [N-cyclohexylcarbamoyl) glycinato] triphenyltin displayed activities comparable to tri-n-butyltin cinnamate (2) towards both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; the latter compound was the most active among the eleven triorganotin compounds tested, which included cyclopentyldiphenyltin hydroxide (3) and its methacrylate derivative. Applying the more quantitative plate count and optical density tests on compounds 1-3, it was shown that their inhibitory activity ranked in the order 2 > 3 >1. Significantly, 3 caused around 90% inhibition of both Eschechia coli (−) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (−) when incubated for 24 h at 37±1℃ at the 10.0 μg/ mL concentration level. Compound 2 was less effective against P.aeruginosa than against E.coli. While the Gram-positive bacteria were all readily inhibited, Bacillus subtilis (+) appeared to the most susceptible among them towards the test compounds