Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Hazelnuts and Walnuts Shells: Quantitative–Qualitative Analysis and Chromatographic Purification

Hazelnut (HS) and walnut (WS) shells, an abundant by-product of the processing industries of these edible nuts, are traditionally considered as a low-value waste. However, they are a source of valuable compounds with an interesting chemical profile for the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors. In this study, the lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts present in HS and WS were quantified and identified, then the polar fractions were chromatographically separated, and their antioxidant capacity was studied. The experimental work includes the isolation of crude lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts by an accelerated extraction process, chromatographic analysis (gas chromatography-flame ionization (GC-FID), GC-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC)), and quantification of the components. In addition, a thorough compositional characterization of the subgroups obtained by flash chromatography and their antioxidant capacity was carried out. The gravimetric concentrations showed different lipophilic/hydrophilic ratios (0.70 for HS and 0.23 for WS), indicating a higher proportion of polar compounds in WS than in HS. Moreover, the lipophilic extracts were principally composed of short-chain fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, and oleic acid), triglycerides, and sterols. The polar fractions were screened by thin-layer chromatography and then separated by flash chromatography, obtaining fractions free of fatty acids and sugar derivatives (97:3 in HS and 95:5 in WS), and mixtures richer in phenolic compounds and flavonoids such as guaiacyl derivatives, quercetin, pinobanksin, and catechin. The most polar fractions presented a higher antioxidant capacity than that of the crude extracts.This work was supported by the Basque Government (Grupos Consolidados IT-1264-19). U.G.-G. was supported by Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia. A.B.-V. was supported by Programa de especialización de Personal Investigador Doctor en la UPV/EHU (2019) 2019–2020. S.J.-B. and A.L.-S. were supported by a grant PIF (2017–2018) and (2019–2020), Gobierno Vasco, respectively. A.L.-S. was partially supported by Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia

Flaxseed Ingestion Alters Ratio of Enterolactone Enantiomers in Human Serum

Enterolactone (EL) is an enterolignan found in human subjects. In this pilot study, the enantiomeric ratios of serum EL were determined in serum from healthy adults during consumption of habitual diet, and after an 8-day supplementation with flaxseed (25 g/day). (−)EL dominated in all serum samples collected during habitual diet consumption. However, the ratio of (−)EL and (+)EL enantiomers differed markedly between individuals. Flaxseed ingestion increased significantly the proportion of (+)EL in all subjects. Moreover, a small but significant increase in serum (−)EL concentration was measured. After flaxseed ingestion, (−)EL concentrations correlated with those of (+)EL suggesting that the stereochemistry of the parent plant lignan in flaxseed is not a major determinant of EL formation in human subjects. Comparison of EL concentrations obtained with the validated chromatographic methods (HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-CEAD, and GC-MS) and the time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) revealed that the immunoassay method underestimates human serum EL concentrations after the flaxseed ingestion

Influence of Carbohydrates Covalently Bonded with Lignin on Solvent Fractionation, Thermal Properties, and Nanoparticle Formation of Lignin

The valorization of industrial lignin essentially requires fractionation resulting in lower structural heterogeneity and polydispersity. So far, extensive fractionation approaches based on extraction with solvents, gradient acid precipitation, and membrane-based filtration have been developed to reduce the polydispersity and heterogeneity of technical lignins. However, most reports tend to overlook the lignin fraction that bonded with carbohydrates or the so-called lignin carbohydrate complex (LCC), which always coexists in the initial lignin sample and can significantly affect the properties of lignin, including its homogeneity and solubility. In this study, we evaluated the ability of 13 organic solvents to separate lignin bonded with carbohydrates. It was found that carbohydrates could only be detected when the hydrogen bonding capacity (δH) of solvent was no less than 8.0 (the δH of tetrahydrofuran, THF). Based on this result, eight lignin fractions with trace/large amounts of carbohydrates and decreased heterogeneity were obtained using an elaborate sequential solvent extraction approach. The following properties of each lignin fraction were compared: elemental composition, carbohydrate content, molar mass, hydroxyl group content, and thermal properties. In addition, we also studied the ability of these lignin fractions to form lignin nanoparticles and confirmed that fractions with trace amounts of carbohydrates were able to form uniform spherical lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) than those with large amounts of carbohydrates bonded fractions. In short, this study provided a profound understanding of the role of the carbohydrates bonded to lignin on the fractionation of lignin by organic solvents, further demonstrating how carbohydrates influence the characteristics of lignin.</p

Fractionation of Lignin with Decreased Heterogeneity: Based on a Detailed Characteristics Study of Sequentially Extracted Softwood Kraft Lignin

Industrial lignin fractionation is attracting increasing interest due to its enormous potential in the development of high value-added materials. However, the widely reported fractionation approaches are primarily focused on the separation of fractions with a low polydispersity index (PDI). In this study, based on the detailed characteristic examination of carefully sequential-extracted softwood Kraft lignin fractions, a novel method to isolate lignin fraction with decreased heterogeneity (LGF-dh), was established in consideration of impurities, elemental composition, molar mass distribution, carbohydrate content, functional hydroxyl content, and the content of lignin-relevant aromatic units. To characterize the mentioned properties, an elemental analyzer, SEC-MALS, GC-MS, GC-FID, Py/GCMS, P-31-NMR, and HSQC-NMR were used to compare the differences of the sequential lignin fractions that were obtained by methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), acetone, and dioxane. Moreover, a practical and feasible three-step extraction process was proposed to separate the low heterogeneity lignin fraction from industrial lignin according to the different solubilities of each fraction in the green cosolvent system of EtOH/water, MeOH/water, and acetone/water. Overall, this work presented a comprehensive study on the properties of softwood lignin as well as proposed a feasible and convenient method to reduce the heterogeneity of lignin, which would promote its valorization

Novel Lignan and Stilbenoid Mixture Shows Anticarcinogenic Efficacy in Preclinical PC-3M-luc2 Prostate Cancer Model

Peer reviewe

Effect of dietary intervention on serum lignan levels in pregnant women - a controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mother's diet during pregnancy is important, since plant lignans and their metabolites, converted by the intestinal microflora to enterolignans, are proposed to possess multiple health benefits. Aim of our study was to investigate whether a dietary intervention affects lignan concentrations in the serum of pregnant women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A controlled dietary intervention trial including 105 first-time pregnant women was conducted in three intervention and three control maternity health clinics. The intervention included individual counseling on diet and on physical activity, while the controls received conventional care. Blood samples were collected on gestation weeks 8-9 (baseline) and 36-37 (end of intervention). The serum levels of the plant lignans 7-hydroxymatairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, cyclolariciresinol, and pinoresinol, and of the enterolignans 7-hydroxyenterolactone, enterodiol, and enterolactone, were measured using a validated method.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The baseline levels of enterolactone, enterodiol and the sum of lignans were higher in the control group, whereas at the end of the trial their levels were higher in the intervention group. The adjusted mean differences between the baseline and end of the intervention for enterolactone and the total lignan intake were 1.6 ng/ml (p = 0.018, 95% CI 1.1-2.3) and 1.4 ng/mg (p = 0.08, 95% CI 1.0-1.9) higher in the intervention group than in the controls. Further adjustment for dietary components did not change these associations.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The dietary intervention was successful in increasing the intake of lignan-rich food products, the fiber consumption and consequently the plasma levels of lignans in pregnant women.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p><b>ISRCTN21512277, <url>http://www.isrctn.org</url></b></p

Aldol Condensation of Cyclopentanone with Valeraldehyde Over Metal Oxides

Kinetics of the cross aldol condensation of valeraldehyde with cyclopentanone was investigated in a batch reactor under atmospheric pressure at 130 °C using heterogeneous metal modified oxides, such as CeO2–MgO, FeO–MgO, FeO–CaO as well as pristine CaO as catalysts. The catalysts were prepared either by evaporation impregnation or deposition precipitation methods and characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, nitrogen adsorption, ammonia and CO2 TPD. The results revealed that an optimum amount of strong basic sites gives the highest ratio between cross condensation and self-condensation products of valeraldehyde. The highest yield of the desired product 2-pentylidenecyclopentanone (66%) was obtained with FeO–MgO prepared by the deposition precipitation methods.</p

Ihmiskauppa Suomessa ja maailmalla: Edistävät ja estävät tekijät uhrin toipumiselle

Ihmiskauppa on yksi suurimpia järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden muotoja, josta ei kuitenkaan tiedetä paljoa. Sitä tapahtuu joka puolella maailmaa, hyvin erilaisissa muodoissa. Opinnäytetyössä käsitellään ihmiskauppaa Suomessa ja maailmalla, sekä perehdytään uhrin toipumiseen. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tutkia ihmiskauppaa ja tuoda aiheen laajuutta näkyville. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli selvittää tekijöitä, jotka ovat auttaneet uhria toipumaan, sekä toipumista estäneitä tekijöitä. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia ihmiskauppaa ilmiönä ja toipumiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Opinnäytetyössä käytettiin kvalitatiivista eli laadullista tutkimusmenetelmää, jota tuettiin laatimallamme kyselyllä, joka keskittyi uhrin toipumiseen vaikuttaviin tekijöihin. Aineistoa kerättiin muun muassa kirjoista, raporteista ja kyselystä. Aineiston analyysimenetelmäksi valittiin sisällönanalyysi menetelmä, joka auttoi luomaan selkeän kuvan tutkitusta aiheesta. Opinnäytetyön tuloksista selvisi, että kaikki vastaajat olivat päätyneet ihmiskaupan uhriksi huijauksen myötä. Ihmiskaupan uhrina olemisen seurauksena vastaajilla on paljon mielenterveysongelmia ja monenlaisia traumoja. Vastauksista nousseita toipumisen kannalta merkittäviä tekijöitä olivat Room of Hope päiväkeskus ja sieltä saatu vertaistuki. Toipumista tuki myös yhdessä oleminen, sekä monipuoliset aktiviteetit

Characterization of variation in the lignan content and composition of winter rye, spring wheat and spring oat

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