Simulation of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles

Microsoft Excel and ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) were used to simulate the driving conditions of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles over various driving cycles in an attempt to optimize their design and control. The fuel economy data thus obtained were compared with those of the in-use heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles. For this the drive cycles are modified to represent realistic expectations of the dynamic performance of vehicles. The cycles used are Central Business District cycle (CBD), Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule cycle (UDDS), Manhattan cycle and City Suburban Heavy Vehicle Cycle (CSHVC). The vehicle considered for simulations was a transit bus, which is a series HEV. The series HEV is propelled solely by electric motors with energy coming from batteries and an alternator driven by an ICE. The simulation model is based on power requirements for the vehicle taking into account engine, battery, and driveline efficiencies. The control strategy forces the engine to run at a fixed percentage of the power required at the wheels, also taking into consideration battery state of charge correction factor. Further emissions were also modeled for predicting NOx. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Study of ternary complexes of cucurbit[8]uril and their applications in self diagnostic composites

Self-assembly in supramolecular systems has profound implications on creating the next generation of smart materials, with potential applications in self healing, energy storage, stimuli responsive hydrogels and sensors. Macrocyclic receptors that form host guest complexes with organic molecules, provide a unique platform for the formation of tailor made materials with programmable properties for specific applications. The cucurbiturils are one such class of receptors that have garnered increasing interest in the last decade due to their unique guest binding abilities. Cucurbit[8]uril, as one of the larger homologues, is a particularly appealing host molecule for functional materials, capable of forming ternary complexes with suitable guests. The main scope of this thesis is to design and employ host guest systems based on the macrocyclic host cucurbit[8]uril as supramolecular probes to identify early stage damage in carbon fibre reinforced composite materials. Chapter 2 outlines the main project, the development of a novel system for early stage damage detection in a fibre reinforced polymer composite. CB[8] has the ability to form heteroternary complexes of high stability of two different guests in polar environments. In the reported system, CB[8] encapsulates two pendant molecules in the matrix, a donor and a fluorescent acceptor forming a complex by stabilising a charge transfer pair within its cavity. The emission of the probe is suppressed within the ternary complex via photo induced electron transfer. The application of stress causes the weak supramolecular link to break apart, and in turn the fluorescence of the probe is reinstated. Several ternary complexes of the host molecule and fluorescent guest molecules were investigated and a Perylene imide (PER) - Cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) based system was found to be best suitable as a strain sensor. Studying the photophysical behaviour of the complex showed that the fluorescence of the PER - CB[8] complex was effectively switched off upon the complexation of a second guest molecule such as dibenzofuran or azobenzene. The supramolecular complex cross-linking the polymer chains was seen to provide a fluorescence response induced by strain even if present in a very low amount of 10−6 mol kg−1 , preserving the mechanical characteristics of the matrix. In addition to uniaxial compressive and tensile testing, the specimens were subjected to fatigue to assess the performance of the material under similar conditions during actual use. The ability to detect fatigue damage is especially important, due to it being one of the major causes of in-service failure of materials. Carbon fibreepoxy composite materials are widely used in the structures of aircraft, robots and other machines because of their high specific strength. Self-diagnosis is potentially an important tool for Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of such composite materials used for purposes where structural integrity is absolutely essential. This work has been recently published in ACS Applied Polymer Materials in 2019 and was recognised by ACS as Editor's Choice. While studied as a versatile host molecule for molecular recognition, cucurbit[8]uril also offers a platform for the development of supramolecular organic frameworks and the formation of porous materials. In this context, the fundamental study of the stoichiometry and geometry of CB[8], its complexes in the solid state and the exploration of new binding motifs is pivotal. Indeed, due to their differential solubility, CB[8] complexes have proved to be difficult to characterise in the solid state, and limited examples are present in literature. Chapter 3 outlines the synthesis of nanotubular CB[8] assemblies. Organic molecular porous materials, in particular materials with a one-dimensional nanochannel structure have found a diverse range of applications in separation, energy storage, and adsorption. Three tubular frameworks of CB[8] were synthesised through chaperone induced methods and metal coordination. Finally, in a bid to develop better probes for self diagnostic composites, different CB[8] complexes with varying stoichiometry were studied in solution and in the solid state. Several CB[8] host guest systems were extensively studied with the aim to improve upon the damage reporting system reported in Chapter 2, by two main approaches. Firstly, there is an interest to move to near IR dyes due to their improved depth-penetration of light, allowing visualisation of damage deeper within the composite material. Secondly, moving from a 1:1:1 heteroternary complex by accommodating two different guests, to a 2:1 homoternary complex by accommodating two identical guests should provide an advantage by reducing the complexity of the system. Chapter 4 describes the study of the interaction of a series of potential dye molecules with CB[8] that fulfil these categories with the aim of developing improved supramolecular probes for self diagnostic composites. In addition, this chapter also reports three novel crystal structures of CB[8] complexes of varying stochiometry, from a 2:1, 1:1 to an unusual 1:2 complex with respect to the host. Overall, this thesis deals with the design and characterisation of CB[8] based host guest complexes, the study of their photo-physical behaviour and binding in solution, and exploits this behaviour in the design and implementation of a novel approach to the technologically relevant field of damage detection in composites

On hydromagnetic flow due to a rotating disk with radiation effects

The effect of thermal radiation on the steady laminar convective hydromagnetic flow of a viscous and electrically conducting fluid due to a rotating disk of infinite extend is studied. The fluid is subjected to an external uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the disk. The governing Navier–Stokes and Maxwell equations of the hydromagnetic fluid, together with the energy equation, are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using the von Karman similarity transformations. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations are then solved numerically subject to the transformed boundary conditions by Runge–Kutta based shooting method. Comparisons with previously published works are performed and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. Numerical and graphical results for the velocity and temperature profiles as well as the skin friction and Nusselt number are presented and discussed for various parametric conditions

Effects of Viscous and Joules Dissipation on MHD Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer past a Stretching Porous Surface Embedded in a Porous Medium

This paper investigates the influence of both viscous and joules dissipation on the problem of magnetohydrodynamic flow past a stretching porous surface embedded in a porous medium. Analytic solutions of the resulting nonlinear non-homogeneous boundary value problem in the case when the plate stretches with a velocity varying linearly with distance, expressed in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions, are presented for the case of prescribed surface temperature. Numerical calculations have been carried out for various values of suction parameter, magnetic field, Prandtl number, Eckert number and Schmidt number. The results show that increases in magnetic parameter decrease both the dimensionless transverse velocity, longitudinal velocity and also the skin friction coefficient. Also, formation of thin boundary layer is observed for higher value of magnetic parameter

PENGARUH ORGANISASI KEMAHASISWAAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN MINAT BAKAT TERHADAP KEAKTIFAN MAHASISWA PADA UNIT KEGIATAN MAHASISWA (UKM) DI UNIVERSITAS PGRI ADI BUANA SURABAYA

PeneIitian ini diIatar beIakangi kurangnya keaktifan mahasiswa pada unit kegiatan mahasiswa. Organisasikemahasiswaan adalah bentuk kegiatan perguruan tinggi yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa atas dasarprinsip kemahasiswaan. Bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh organisasi kemahasiswaan danpengembangan minat bakat terhadap keaktifan mahasiswa pada unit kegiatan mahasiswa di UniversitasPGRI Adi Buana Surabaya. Populasi peneIitian ini menggunakan seluruh anggota unit kegiatanmahasiswa yang aktif berjumlah 431 mahasiswa, dari jumlah anggota tersebut peniIiti menggunakanrumus SIovin hingga yang terpiIih hanya 82 responden untuk dimasukan daIam sampeI menggunakanmetode Purposive SampIing. Ditemukan hasiI anaIisis dari Organisasi Kemahasiswaan dengan nilai thitung sebesar 6,914 dan nilai signifikan 0,00 < 0,05. Pengembangan Minat Bakat dengan niIai thitung sebesar4,182 dan niIai signifikan 0,00 < 0,05. Dapat disimpuIkan bahwa Organisasi Kemahasiswaan danPengambangan Minat Bakat berpengaruh terhadap Keaktifan Mahasiswa

PENGAMBILAN ZAT WARNA ALAMI DARI KULIT KAYU TINGI (Ceriops candolleana)

Zat warna tekstil dibedakan menjadi 2 macam yaitu zat warna alam dan zat warna sintesis. Zat warna alam yang berasal dari bahan-bahan alam pada umumnya dari hasil ekstrak tumbuhan atau hewan dan zat warna sintesis dibuat dengan reaksi kimia dengan bahan dasar batu bara atau minyak bumi. Kulit kayu tingi (Ceriops candolleana), adalah salah satu pewarna alami untuk bahan tekstil. Sebagian masyarakat mengolah kulit kayu tingi hanya dengan merebus kulit kayunya untuk mendapatkan warna coklat kemerahan untuk pewarna tekstil. Hal ini tidak praktis dalam pengolahan dan penyimpanan zat warna yang terkandung dalam kulit kayu tingi, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengolahan hasil zat warna dari kulit kayu tingi menjadi bentuk serbuk. Pengambilan zat warna alami dari kulit kayu tingi diperoleh secara langsung yaitu ekstraksi secara batch. Sebelumnya dilakukan percobaan pendahuluan untuk menentukan kondisi operasi meliputi volume pelarut, waktu ekstraksi dan suhu ekstraksi. Kondisi optimum yang diperoleh dari percobaan adalah 150 gram kulit kayu tingi diekstrak dengan 2100 ml air, pada suhu 100oC selama waktu 2 jam. Hasil yang diperoleh dari proses tersebut adalah 73,153 gram bubuk zat warna kulit kayu tingi. Rendemen zat warna alami dari kulit kayu tingi yang diperoleh dari proses dengan kondisi optimum yaitu 48,769%. Pengujian zat warna yang dihasilkan melalui uji tahan luntur warna terhadap pencucian dan uji tahan luntur warna terhadap gosokan. Dari uji tersebut diperoleh bahwa pewarnaan kain BAIK dengan menggunakan larutan fiksasi yaitu larutan tawas. Untuk kapasitas produksi 5 kg zat warna kulit kayu tingi/hari dapat menghasilkan 10 bungkus dengan berat masing-masing ½ kg/bungkus. Harga jual per bungkus adalah Rp 350.000,00. Dari penjualan 5 kg zat warna kulit kayu tingi/hari menghasilkan keuntungan sebesar Rp 548.127,87/kg. Modal akan kembali setelah penjualan selama 64 hari

Effects of Thermal Radiation on Hydromagnetic Flow due to a Porous Rotating Disk with Hall Effect

Radiation effect on steady laminar hydromagnetic flow of a viscous, Newtonian and electrically conducting fluid past a porous rotating infinite disk is studied taking Hall current into account. The system of axisymmetric nonlinear partial differential equations governing the MHD flow and heat transfer are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by introducing suitable similarity variables introduced by von Karman and the resulting nonlinear equations are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta based shooting method. A parametric study of all parameters involved was conducted and a representative set of results showing the effect of the magnetic field, the radiation parameter, the uniform suction/injection parameter and Hall parameter are illustrated graphically. The numerical values of the radial and tangential skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number are calculated and displayed in the tables showing the effects of various parameters. Finally, a good comparison between the present numerical predictions and the previously published data are presented in the absence of magnetic field and radiation

Acantholytic oral squamous cell carcinoma with clear cell change - a rare amalgamated variant

Background: Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is an uncommon histological variation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), accounting for fewer than 4% of all occurrences. The tumor shows a slight masculine predisposition, with the lower lip being the most commonly affected location. ASCC is reported to have a diverse biologic behavior, which explains its ability to metastasize to distant places and, thus, its poor prognosis. Similarly, clear cell change in OSCC is a rare occurrence with an unknown etiology that suggests its aggressive nature. Method and Results: Histopathology reveals central acantholytic cells with numerous duct-like features. The presence of distinct cytological atypia contributes to the diagnosis of SCC. Special stains and IHC aid in distinguishing tumor from other histopathologically similar entities. Conclusion: The case of a 29-year-old male presented here with an updated literature review highlights the need for histological study of the unique and seldom seen oral ASCC with clear cell change, which can be ignored because of similarities with other entities. Because recurrence rates are so high for ASCC, amalgamated clear cell change makes it critical for proper treatment initiation with a definite diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented occurrence. Our experience with the present case suspected a more aggressive behavior due to a high Ki-67 index, anticipating a poorer prognosis in the oral cavity considering the patient's young age

Coupling dye degradation and biodiesel production by Geitlerinema sp TRV27

In this study, the dye degrading the ability of marine cyanobacteria, Geitlerinema sp TRV27 was tested against the textile dye Acid black 52. Optimum conditions like pH, temperature, dye concentration for acid black 52 dye degradation were studied and were found to be pH 7, 25±2°C. More than 50% of degradation was observed for the tested maximum dye concentration, 100 ppm. The degraded dye intermediate was found to be naphthalene by GC-MS analysis and their toxicity on seed germination was studied. The dye treated biomass was used for the production of biodiesel and the physicochemical properties of biofuel were found to be within the standard limits

Development and evaluation of Zotepine loaded mucoadhesive microemulsion for intranasal delivery

Mania and bipolar illness are the major problems in the schizophrenia treatment, zotepine, atypical antipsychotic drug used for this condition. The aim of present investigation was to develop mucoadhesive microemulsion of zotepine for intranasal delivery by phase titration method. The developed formulations were evaluated for its size, zeta, PDI and invitro release studied. The optimized formulation, containing 5% Oleic acid, 40% Tween 80: PEG400 (3:1) and 55% water. The globule size (53.1±0.31), zeta potential (-32.1±0.2),PDI (0.13±0.23).0.5% chitosan was added to the optimized formulation to prepare mucoadhesive formulation. Keywords: Zotepine; Microemulsion; pseudoternary phase diagram; solubility