Investigating chemokine-matrix networks in breast cancer: tenascin-C sets the tone for CCL2

first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Investigating Chemokine-Matrix Networks in Breast Cancer: Tenascin-C Sets the Tone for CCL2 by Martha Gschwandtner 1ORCID,Anís N. Gammage 1ORCID,Claire Deligne 1,Linda F. M. Mies 1,Alissa Domaingo 2,Devardarssen Murdamoothoo 3,4,5,6,Thomas Loustau 3,4,5,6ORCID,Anja Schwenzer 1ORCID,Rupert Derler 2,Raphael Carapito 5,7ORCID,Manuel Koch 8ORCID,Matthias Mörgelin 9,Gertraud Orend 3,4,5,6ORCID,Andreas J. Kungl 2ORCID andKim S. Midwood 1,* 1 Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK 2 Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria 3 INSERM U1109-MN3T, The Microenvironmental Niche in Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapy, 67091 Strasbourg, France 4 University of Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France 5 Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 67091 Strasbourg, France 6 INSERM U1109, The Tumor Microenvironment Group, 67091 Strasbourg, France 7 Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, GENOMAX Platform, INSERM UMR_S 1109, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, ITI TRANSPLANTEX NG, Université de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France 8 Institute for Dental Research and Oral, Musculoskeletal Research, Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany 9 Colzyx AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 223 63 Lund, Sweden * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098365 Received: 31 March 2023 / Revised: 19 April 2023 / Accepted: 21 April 2023 / Published: 6 May 2023 (This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Human Health and Disease) Download Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract Bidirectional dialogue between cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) drives cancer survival. In the extracellular space, combinations of matrix molecules and soluble mediators provide external cues that dictate the behavior of TME resident cells. Often studied in isolation, integrated cues from complex tissue microenvironments likely function more cohesively. Here, we study the interplay between the matrix molecule tenascin-C (TNC) and chemokine CCL2, both elevated in and associated with the progression of breast cancer and playing key roles in myeloid immune responses. We uncover a correlation between TNC/CCL2 tissue levels in HER2+ breast cancer and examine the physical and functional interactions of these molecules in a murine disease model with tunable TNC levels and in in vitro cellular and cell-free models. TNC supported sustained CCL2 synthesis, with chemokine binding to TNC via two distinct domains. TNC dominated the behavior of tumor-resident myeloid cells; CCL2 did not impact macrophage survival/activation whilst TNC facilitated an immune suppressive macrophage phenotype that was not dependent on or altered by CCL2 co-expression. Together, these data map new binding partners within the TME and demonstrate that whilst the matrix exerts transcriptional control over the chemokine, each plays a distinct role in subverting anti-tumoral immunity

Near-real time oculodynamic MRI: a feasibility study for evaluation of diplopia in comparison with clinical testing

Objective: To demonstrate feasibility of near-real-time oculodynamic magnetic resonance imaging (od-MRI) in depicting extraocular muscles and correlate quantitatively the motion degree in comparison with clinical testing in patients with diplopia. Methods: In 30 od-MRIs eye movements were tracked in the horizontal and sagittal plane using a a TrueFISP sequence with high temporal resolution. Three physicians graded the visibility of extraocular muscles by a qualitative scale. In 12 cases, the maximal monocular excursions in the horizontal and vertical direction of both eyes were measured in od-MRIs and a clinical test and correlated by the Pearson test. Results: The medial and lateral rectus muscles were visible in the axial plane in 93% of the cases. The oblique, superior and inferior rectus muscles were overall only in 14% visible. Horizontal (p = 0,015) and vertical (p = 0,029) movements of the right eye and vertical movement of the left eye (p = 0,026) measured by od-MRI correlated positively to the clinical measurements. Conclusions: Od-MRI is a feasible technique. Visualization of the horizontal/vertical rectus muscles is better than for the superior/inferior oblique muscle. Od-MRI correlates well with clinical testing and may reproduce the extent of eye bulb motility and extraocular muscle structural or functional deteriorations. Key Points • Oculodynamic MRI technique helps clinicians to assess eye bulb motility disorders • MRI evaluation of eye movement provides functional information in cases of diplopia • Oculodynamic MRI reproduces excursion of extraocular muscles with good correlation with clinical testing • Dynamic MRI sequence supplements static orbital protocol for evaluation of motility disorder

Extracellular matrix complexity in biomarker studies: a novel assay detecting total serum tenascin-C reveals different distribution to isoform-specific assays

Serum biomarkers are the gold standard in non-invasive disease diagnosis and have tremendous potential as prognostic and theranostic tools for patient stratification. Circulating levels of extracellular matrix molecules are gaining traction as an easily accessible means to assess tissue pathology. However, matrix molecules are large, multimodular proteins that are subject to a vast array of post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications. These modifications often occur in a tissue- and/or disease-specific manner, generating hundreds of different variants, each with distinct biological roles. Whilst this complexity can offer unique insight into disease processes, it also has the potential to confound biomarker studies. Tenascin-C is a pro-inflammatory matrix protein expressed at low levels in most healthy tissues but elevated in, and associated with the pathogenesis of, a wide range of autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. Analysis of circulating tenascin-C has been widely explored as a disease biomarker. Hundreds of different tenascin-C isoforms can be generated by alternative splicing, and this protein is also modified by glycosylation and citrullination. Current enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are used to measure serum tenascin-C using antibodies, recognising sites within domains that are alternatively spliced. These studies, therefore, report only levels of specific isoforms that contain these domains, and studies on the detection of total tenascin-C are lacking. As such, circulating tenascin-C levels may be underestimated and/or biologically relevant isoforms overlooked. We developed a highly specific and sensitive ELISA measuring total tenascin-C down to 0.78ng/ml, using antibodies that recognise sites in constitutively expressed domains. In cohorts of people with different inflammatory and musculoskeletal diseases, levels of splice-specific tenascin-C variants were lower than and distributed differently from total tenascin-C. Neither total nor splice-specific tenascin-C levels correlated with the presence of autoantibodies to citrullinated tenascin-C in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Elevated tenascin-C was not restricted to any one disease and levels were heterogeneous amongst patients with the same disease. These data confirm that its upregulation is not disease-specific, instead suggest that different molecular endotypes or disease stages exist in which pathology is associated with, or independent of, tenascin-C. This immunoassay provides a novel tool for the detection of total tenascin-C that is critical for further biomarker studies. Differences between the distribution of tenascin-C variants and total tenascin-C have implications for the interpretation of studies using isoform-targeted assays. These data highlight the importance of assay design for the detection of multimodular matrix molecules and reveal that there is still much to learn about the intriguingly complex biological roles of distinct matrix proteoforms

Association of distinct fine specificities of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies with elevated immune responses to Prevotella intermedia in a subgroup of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis

Objective In addition to the long-established link with smoking, periodontitis (PD) is also a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To elucidate the mechanism by which PD could induce antibodies to citrullinated peptides (ACPA), we examine the antibody response to a novel citrullinated peptide from cytokeratin type I 13 identified in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and compare the response to 4 other citrullinated peptides in patients with RA, well-characterized for PD and smoking. Methods The citrullinomes of GCF and periodontal tissue from people with PD were mapped by mass spectrometry. Antibodies to citrullinated peptides from cytokeratin type I 13 (cCK13), tenascin-C (cTNC5), vimentin (cVIM), enolase (CEP-1) and fibrinogen β (cFIBβ) were examined by ELISA in patients with RA (n=287) and osteoarthritis (OA) (n=330), and cross-reactivity assessed by inhibition assays. Results A novel citrullinated peptide cCK13-1 (444TSNASGR-cit-TSDV-cit-RP458) identified in GCF, exhibited elevated antibody responses in RA patients (24%). Anti-cCK13-1 antibodies correlated with anti-cTNC5 antibodies, and absorption experiments confirmed this was not due to cross-reactivity. Only anti-cCK13-1 and anti-cTNC5 were associated with antibodies to the periodontal pathogen Prevotella intermedia (p=0.05 and p =0.001 respectively), but not with antibodies to Porphyromonas gingivalis arginine gingipains. Antibodies to CEP-1, cFIBβ and cVIM correlated with each other, and with smoking and shared epitope risk factors in RA. Conclusion This study identifies two groups of ACPA fine specificities associated with different RA risk factors; one predominantly linked to smoking and shared epitope, the other linking anti- cTNC5 and cCK13-1 to infection with the periodontal pathogen P. intermedia

Targeting early changes in the synovial microenvironment:a new class of immunomodulatory therapy?

Objectives: Controlled immune responses rely on integrated crosstalk between cells and their microenvironment. We investigated whether targeting proinflammatory signals from the extracellular matrix that persist during pathological inflammation provides a viable strategy to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Monoclonal antibodies recognising the fibrinogen-like globe (FBG) of tenascin-C were generated by phage display. Clones that neutralised FBG activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), without impacting pathogenic TLR4 activation, were epitope mapped by crystallography. Antibodies stained synovial biopsies of patients at different stages of RA development. Antibody efficacy in preventing RA synovial cell cytokine release, and in modulating collagen-induced arthritis in rats, was assessed. Results: Tenascin-C is expressed early in the development of RA, even before disease diagnosis, with higher levels in the joints of people with synovitis who eventually developed RA than in people whose synovitis spontaneously resolved. Anti-FBG antibodies inhibited cytokine release by RA synovial cells and prevented disease progression and tissue destruction during collagen-induced arthritis. Conclusions: Early changes in the synovial microenvironment contribute to RA progression; blocking proinflammatory signals from the matrix can ameliorate experimental arthritis. These data highlight a new drug class that could offer early, disease-specific immune modulation in RA, without engendering global immune suppression

Mechanism and consequences of DKK1 downregulation by the tumor microenvironmental molecule tenascin-C

La Ténascine-C (TNC) est un composé majeur de la matrice extracellulaire tumorale et sa forte expression est directement corrélée à l’angiogenèse tumorale et au processus métastatique. Lors de ma thèse j’ai pu démontrer que la TNC dérégulait DKK1, un inhibiteur de la voie de signalisation Wnt et par ce biais augmentait l’activité de cette voie impliquée dans la cancérogenèse. La diminution de la formation des fibres de stress en présence de TNC est l’un des mécanismes majeurs qui contribue à la diminution de DKK1. L’activité de MKL1, facteur co-transcriptionnel de SRF et régulable par l’actine, s’avère diminuée en présence de TNC. Mes données indiquent que la fonction de MKL1 n’est peut-être pas le mécanisme majeur de la régulation de DKK1 par la statu de l’actine. D’autres facteurs, probablement liés aux fibres de stress d’actine pourraient être impliqués. L’augmentation de l’activité de la voie de signalisation Wnt, dépendante de DKK1, est probablement le mécanisme majeur par lequel la TNC active la progression tumorale. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence un nouveau mécanisme de régulation de DKK1 faisant intervenir l’intégrité du cytosquelette d’actine.Tenascin-C (TNC) is a major component of the tumor specific extracellular matrix and its expression has been linked to tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. I demonstrated that TNC downregulates the expression of the Wnt signalling inhibitor DKK1 and by that enhances Wnt/-catenin signalling. Reduced stress fibre formation in the presence of TNC was identified as a major mechanism contributing to DKK1 downregulation. The activity of the actin-regulated SRF co-transcription factor MKL1 was found to be reduced in the presence of TNC. My results indicate that TNC-regulated MKL1 function maybe one, but not the major mechanism of DKK1 regulation by the actin status and that other factors, presumably regulated by actin stress fibres, are involved. Enhanced Wnt signalling activity downstream of TNC-induced DKK1 downregulation might be a major mechanism by which TNC promotes tumor progression. Furthermore, this study discovered a novel mechanism of regulating the Wnt inhibitor DKK1 by the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton

Mécanisme et conséquences de la répression de DKK1 par la ténascine-C, une molécule du microenvironnement tumoral

Tenascin-C (TNC) is a major component of the tumor specific extracellular matrix and its expression has been linked to tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. I demonstrated that TNC downregulates the expression of the Wnt signalling inhibitor DKK1 and by that enhances Wnt/-catenin signalling. Reduced stress fibre formation in the presence of TNC was identified as a major mechanism contributing to DKK1 downregulation. The activity of the actin-regulated SRF co-transcription factor MKL1 was found to be reduced in the presence of TNC. My results indicate that TNC-regulated MKL1 function maybe one, but not the major mechanism of DKK1 regulation by the actin status and that other factors, presumably regulated by actin stress fibres, are involved. Enhanced Wnt signalling activity downstream of TNC-induced DKK1 downregulation might be a major mechanism by which TNC promotes tumor progression. Furthermore, this study discovered a novel mechanism of regulating the Wnt inhibitor DKK1 by the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton.La Ténascine-C (TNC) est un composé majeur de la matrice extracellulaire tumorale et sa forte expression est directement corrélée à l’angiogenèse tumorale et au processus métastatique. Lors de ma thèse j’ai pu démontrer que la TNC dérégulait DKK1, un inhibiteur de la voie de signalisation Wnt et par ce biais augmentait l’activité de cette voie impliquée dans la cancérogenèse. La diminution de la formation des fibres de stress en présence de TNC est l’un des mécanismes majeurs qui contribue à la diminution de DKK1. L’activité de MKL1, facteur co-transcriptionnel de SRF et régulable par l’actine, s’avère diminuée en présence de TNC. Mes données indiquent que la fonction de MKL1 n’est peut-être pas le mécanisme majeur de la régulation de DKK1 par la statu de l’actine. D’autres facteurs, probablement liés aux fibres de stress d’actine pourraient être impliqués. L’augmentation de l’activité de la voie de signalisation Wnt, dépendante de DKK1, est probablement le mécanisme majeur par lequel la TNC active la progression tumorale. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence un nouveau mécanisme de régulation de DKK1 faisant intervenir l’intégrité du cytosquelette d’actine

FAS2FURIOUS: Moderate-throughput secreted expression of difficult recombinant proteins in Drosophila S2 cells

Recombinant protein expression in eukaryotic insect cells is a powerful approach for producing challenging targets. However, due to incompatibility with standard baculoviral platforms and the existing low-throughput methodology, use of the Drosophila melanogaster “S2” cell line lags behind more common insect-cell lines like Sf9 or High-Five™. Due to the advantages of S2 cells, particularly for secreted and secretable proteins, the lack of a simple and parallelizable S2-based platform represents a bottleneck, particularly for biochemical and biophysical laboratories. Therefore, we developed FAS2FURIOUS, a holistic and rapid S2 expression pipeline built upon an existing low-throughput commercial platform. FAS2FURIOUS is comparable in effort to simple E. coli systems and allows us to clone and test up to forty-six constructs in just two weeks. Given the ability of S2 cells to express challenging targets, including receptor ectodomains, secreted glycoproteins, and viral antigens, FAS2FURIOUS represents an attractive orthogonal approach for protein expression in eukaryotic cells

Near-real time oculodynamic MRI: a feasibility study for evaluation of diplopia in comparison with clinical testing

To demonstrate feasibility of near-real-time oculodynamic magnetic resonance imaging (od-MRI) in depicting extraocular muscles and correlate quantitatively the motion degree in comparison with clinical testing in patients with diplopia