Identificación de los roles y estereotipos de género en el contexto universitario: Una mirada desde un estudio de caso en estudiantes de la Universidad Libre de Pereira

Este artículo de resultados, se deriva del proyecto de investigación multicampos “Identificación de los roles y estereotipos de género en la Universidad Libre-Pereira y comunidades de impacto: herramientas para igualdad y eliminación de todas las formas de violencia (2021-2022)”1, en el marco del cual se realizó una revisión de antecedentes teóricos e investigativos relacionados con los roles y estereotipos de género que ha perpetuado el sistema patriarcal, identificando las formas en las que hombres y mujeres han sido ubicados en diferentes contextos de la cotidianidad a través de la historia, con el objeto de formular un marco analítico desde donde fue posible confrontar la información empírica recogida a través de la aplicación de una encuesta aplicada a una muestra intencional de 136 de estudiantes de la Universidad Libre-Pereira, Facultad de Derecho Ciencias políticas y Sociales, en torno a dichos roles y estereotipos en la realidad especifica de su comunidad universitaria, todo ello con el fin de confrontar estos datos para encontrar la prevalencia, transiciones y/o transformaciones en dichos roles y estereotipos. La investigación sociojurídica, se realizó a través de un diseño mixto que combina tanto herramientas de tipo hermenéutico como el Análisis Cualitativo de Datos, aplicado a una revisión documental sobre cuatro grandes categorías de análisis: Sistema patriarcal, roles y estereotipos de género, Violencias de Género, Violencias de género en el contexto universitario y políticas públicas para erradicar las violencias de género, así como la aplicación de la encuesta de pregunta cerrada con Escala de medición de estereotipos de género, la cual fue procesada utilizando la técnica de estadística descriptiva. Como principal hallazgo se identificó que hay una menor tendencia en el reconocimiento de las mujeres como seres carentes de raciocinio y únicamente poseedoras de sensibilidad, sin embargo los hombres siguen estando levemente por encima cuando se habla de atributos como la capacidad de razonamiento y profundamente por debajo cuando estos atributos se encaminan a la expresión de sus emociones. Esto permite concluir que hay esferas en las que se han presentado avances, pero que se perpetúa la concepción de la sensibilidad como un rasgo feminizado.Universidad Libre Seccional Pereira -- Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales -- DerechoThis article's results are derived from the multi-field research project "Identification of gender roles and stereotypes at the Universidad Libre-Pereira and impact communities: tools for equality and elimination of all forms of violence (2021-2022)", within the framework of which a review of theoretical and investigative background related to gender roles and stereotypes that the patriarchal system has perpetuated was carried out, identifying the ways in which men and women have been located in different contexts of daily life through history, in order to formulate an analytical framework from which it was possible to confront the empirical information collected through the application of a survey applied to an intentional sample of 136 students from the Universidad Libre-Pereira, Faculty of Law, Political Sciences and Social, around said roles and stereotypes in the specific reality of their university community, all in order to compare these data to find the prevalence, transitions and/or transformations in said roles and stereotypes. The socio-legal research was carried out through a mixed design that combines both hermeneutic tools and Qualitative Data Analysis, applied to a documentary review on four significant categories of analysis: Patriarchal system, gender roles and stereotypes, Violence. of Gender, gender violence in the university context and public policies to eradicate gender violence, as well as the application of the closed question survey with the Gender Stereotypes Measurement Scale, which was processed using the technique of descriptive statistics. As the main finding, it was identified that there is a lower tendency to recognize women as beings lacking in reason and only possessing sensitivity. However, men continue to be slightly above regarding attributes such as reasoning ability and deeply below. When these attributes are directed to the expression of their emotions, this allows us to conclude that there are spheres in which progress has been made but that the conception of sensitivity as a feminized trait is perpetuated

Cardiometabolic risk estimation using exposome data and machine learning

Background: The human exposome encompasses all exposures that individuals encounter throughout their lifetime. It is now widely acknowledged that health outcomes are influenced not only by genetic factors but also by the interactions between these factors and various exposures. Consequently, the exposome has emerged as a significant contributor to the overall risk of developing major diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. Therefore, personalized early risk assessment based on exposome attributes might be a promising tool for identifying high-risk individuals and improving disease prevention. Objective: Develop and evaluate a novel and fair machine learning (ML) model for CVD and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk prediction based on a set of readily available exposome factors. We evaluated our model using internal and external validation groups from a multi-center cohort. To be considered fair, the model was required to demonstrate consistent performance across different sub-groups of the cohort. Methods: From the UK Biobank, we identified 5,348 and 1,534 participants who within 13 years from the baseline visit were diagnosed with CVD and T2D, respectively. An equal number of participants who did not develop these pathologies were randomly selected as the control group. 109 readily available exposure variables from six different categories (physical measures, environmental, lifestyle, mental health events, sociodemographics, and early-life factors) from the participant's baseline visit were considered. We adopted the XGBoost ensemble model to predict individuals at risk of developing the diseases. The model's performance was compared to that of an integrative ML model which is based on a set of biological, clinical, physical, and sociodemographic variables, and, additionally for CVD, to the Framingham risk score. Moreover, we assessed the proposed model for potential bias related to sex, ethnicity, and age. Lastly, we interpreted the model's results using SHAP, a state-of-the-art explainability method. Results: The proposed ML model presents a comparable performance to the integrative ML model despite using solely exposome information, achieving a ROC-AUC of 0.78±0.01 and 0.77±0.01 for CVD and T2D, respectively. Additionally, for CVD risk prediction, the exposome-based model presents an improved performance over the traditional Framingham risk score. No bias in terms of key sensitive variables was identified. Conclusions: We identified exposome factors that play an important role in identifying patients at risk of CVD and T2D, such as naps during the day, age completed full-time education, past tobacco smoking, frequency of tiredness/unenthusiasm, and current work status. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of exposome-based machine learning as a fair CVD and T2D risk assessment tool.</p

Estimation of biological heart age using cardiovascular magnetic resonance radiomics

We developed a novel interpretable biological heart age estimation model using cardiovascular magnetic resonance radiomics measures of ventricular shape and myocardial character. We included 29,996 UK Biobank participants without cardiovascular disease. Images were segmented using an automated analysis pipeline. We extracted 254 radiomics features from the left ventricle, right ventricle, and myocardium of each study. We then used Bayesian ridge regression with tenfold cross-validation to develop a heart age estimation model using the radiomics features as the model input and chronological age as the model output. We examined associations of radiomics features with heart age in men and women, observing sex-diferential patterns. We subtracted actual age from model estimated heart age to calculate a “heart age delta”, which we considered as a measure of heart aging. We performed a phenome-wide association study of 701 exposures with heart age delta. The strongest correlates of heart aging were measures of obesity, adverse serum lipid markers, hypertension, diabetes, heart rate, income, multimorbidity, musculoskeletal health, and respiratory health. This technique provides a new method for phenotypic assessment relating to cardiovascular aging; further studies are required to assess whether it provides incremental risk information over current approaches

Automatic segmentation of right ventricle in cardiac cine MR images using a saliency analysis

PURPOSE: Accurate measurement of the right ventricle (RV) volume is important for the assessment of the ventricular function and a biomarker of the progression of any cardiovascular disease. However, the high RV variability makes difficult a proper delineation of the myocardium wall. This paper introduces a new automatic method for segmenting the RV volume from short axis cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) images by a salient analysis of temporal and spatial observations. METHODS: The RV volume estimation starts by localizing the heart as the region with the most coherent motion during the cardiac cycle. Afterward, the ventricular chambers are identified at the basal level using the isodata algorithm, the right ventricle extracted, and its centroid computed. A series of radial intensity profiles, traced from this centroid, is used to search a salient intensity pattern that models the inner-outer myocardium boundary. This process is iteratively applied toward the apex, using the segmentation of the previous slice as a regularizer. The consecutive 2D segmentations are added together to obtain the final RV endocardium volume that serves to estimate also the epicardium. RESULTS: Experiments performed with a public dataset, provided by the RV segmentation challenge in cardiac MRI, demonstrated that this method is highly competitive with respect to the state of the art, obtaining a Dice score of 0.87, and a Hausdorff distance of 7.26 mm while a whole volume was segmented in about 3 s. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method provides an useful delineation of the RV shape using only the spatial and temporal information of the cine MR images. This methodology may be used by the expert to achieve cardiac indicators of the right ventricle function

Characterization of motion patterns by a spatio-temporal saliency descriptor in cardiac cine MRI

International audienceBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Abnormalities of the heart motion reveal the presence of a disease. However, a quantitative interpretation of the motion is still a challenge due to the complex dynamics of the heart. This work proposes a quantitative characterization of regional cardiac motion patterns in cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by a novel spatio-temporal saliency descriptor. METHOD: The strategy starts by dividing the cardiac sequence into a progression of scales which are in due turn mapped to a feature space of regional orientation changes, mimicking the multi-resolution decomposition of oriented primitive changes of visual systems. These changes are estimated as the difference between a particular time and the rest of the sequence. This decomposition is then temporarily and regionally integrated for a particular orientation and then for the set of different orientations. A final spatio-temporal 4D saliency map is obtained as the summation of the previously integrated information for the available scales. The saliency dispersion of this map was computed in standard cardiac locations as a measure of the regional motion pattern and was applied to discriminate control and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) subjects during the diastolic phase. RESULTS: Salient motion patterns were estimated from an experimental set, which consisted of 3D sequences acquired by MRI from 108 subjects (33 control, 35 HCM, 20 dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and 20 myocardial infarction (MINF) from heterogeneous datasets). HCM and control subjects were classified by an SVM that learned the salient motion patterns estimated from the presented strategy, by achieving a 94% AUC. In addition, statistical differences (test t-student, p&lt;0.05) were found among groups of disease in the septal and anterior ventricular segments at both the ED and ES, with salient motion characteristics aligned with existing knowledge on the diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Regional wall motion abnormality in the apical, anterior, basal, and inferior segments was associated with the saliency dispersion in HCM, DCM, and MINF compared to healthy controls during the systolic and diastolic phases. This saliency analysis may be used to detect subtle changes in heart function

ANÁLISIS Y SIMULACIÓN DE SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS USANDO EL SOFTWARE DS SIMULATOR

En este artículo se describe el software DS Simulator para la simulación de sistemas dinámicos, el cual ha sido desarrollado en Java y es de código abierto. DS Simulator le permite al usuario interactuar fácilmente con una interfaz gráfica sin tener que involucrarse con un lenguaje de programación. Además, tiene la posibilidad de guardar los datos obtenidos y exportar la simulación a un lenguaje de programación, como MatLab u Octave, para reutilizar el código. Mediante este software es posible estudiar numéricamente sistemas dinámicos difíciles o imposibles de resolver analíticamente. La presentación de DS Simulator se desarrolla con ejemplos de los tipos de sistemas que puede simular, esto es, aquellos representados por ecuaciones en diferencia, diferenciales ordinarias y estocásticas.

ANÁLISIS Y SIMULACIÓN DE SISTEMAS DINÁMICOS USANDO EL SOFTWARE DS SIMULATOR

En este artículo se describe el software DS Simulator para la simulación de sistemas dinámicos, el cual ha sido desarrollado en Java y es de código abierto. DS Simulator le permite al usuario interactuar fácilmente con una interfaz gráfica sin tener que involucrarse con un lenguaje de programación. Además, tiene la posibilidad de guardar los datos obtenidos y exportar la simulación a un lenguaje de programación, como MatLab u Octave, para reutilizar el código. Mediante este software es posible estudiar numéricamente sistemas dinámicos difíciles o imposibles de resolver analíticamente. La presentación de DS Simulator se desarrolla con ejemplos de los tipos de sistemas que puede simular, esto es, aquellos representados por ecuaciones en diferencia, diferenciales ordinarias y estocásticas.

Fusion of 3D real-time echocardiography and cine MRI using a saliency analysis

International audiencePurpose - This paper presents a novel 3D multimodal registration strategy to fuse 3D real-time echocardiography images with cardiac cine MRI images. This alignment is performed in a saliency space, which is designed to maximize similarity between the two imaging modalities. This fusion improves the quality of the available information. Methods - The method performs in two steps: temporal and spatial registrations. A temporal alignment is firstly achieved by nonlinearly matching pairs of correspondences between the two modalities using a dynamic time warping. A temporal registration is then carried out by applying nonrigid transformations in a common saliency space where normalized cross correlation between temporal pairs of salient volumes is maximized. Results - The alignment performance was evaluated with a set of 18 subjects, 3 with cardiomyopathies and 15 healthy, by computing the Dice score and Hausdorff distance with respect to manual delineations of the left ventricle cavity in both modalities. A Dice score and Hausdorff distance of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, were obtained. In addition, the deformation field was estimated by quantifying its foldings, obtaining a 98% of regularity in the deformation field. Conclusions - The 3D multimodal registration strategy presented is performed in a saliency space. Unlike state-of-the-art methods, the presented one takes advantage of the temporal information of the heart to construct this common space, ending up with two well-aligned modalities and regular deformation fields. This preliminary study was evaluated on heterogeneous data composed of two different datasets, healthy and pathological cases, showing similar performances in both cases. Future work will focus on testing the presented strategy in a larger dataset with a balanced number of classes

Modelo para el análisis de la mortalidad en Colombia 2000-2012

Objetivo Proponer y evaluar un modelo para el ajuste y predicción de la mortalidad en Colombia que permita analizar tendencias por edad, sexo, Departamento y causa.Metodología Los registros de defunciones no fetales fueron utilizados como fuente primaria de análisis. Estos datos se pre-procesaron recodificando las causas y redistribuyendo los códigos basura. El modelo de predicción se formuló como una aproximaciónlineal de un conjunto de variables de interés, en particular la población y el producto interno bruto departamental.Resultados Como caso particular de estudio se tomó la mortalidad de menores de 5 años, se observó una disminución sostenida a partir del año 2000 tanto a nivel nacional como departamental, con excepción de tres departamentos. La evaluación del poderpredictivo de la metodología propuesta se realizó ajustando el modelo con los datos de 2000 a 2011, la predicción para el 2012 fue comparada con la tasa observada, estos resultados muestran que el modelo es suficientemente confiable para la mayor parte de las combinaciones departamento-causa.Conclusiones La metodología y modelo propuesto tienen el potencial de convertirse en un instrumento que permita orientar las prioridades del gasto en salud utilizando algún tipo de evidencia.Objective To propose and evaluate a model for fitting and forecasting the mortality rates in Colombia that allows analyzing the trends by age, sex, region and cause of death.Methodology The national death registries were used as primary source of analysis. The data was pre-processed recodifying the cause of death and redistributing the garbage codes. The forecast model was formulated as a linear approximation with a set of variables of interest, in particular the population and gross domestic product (GDP) by region.Results As study case we took the mortality under 5 years old, it decreased steadily since 2000 at the national level and at most of the regions. The predictive power of the proposed methodology was tested by fitting the model with the data from 2000 to 2011, the forecast for 2012 was compared with the actual rate, and these results show the model is reliable enough for most of the region-cause combinations.Conclusions The proposed methodology and model have the potential to become an instrument to guide health spending priorities using some kind of evidence