28 research outputs found
Excess tuberculosis risk during and following incarceration in Paraguay : a retrospective cohort study
Corresponding author. CĂĄtedra de Salud PĂșblica, Universidad Nacional de AsunciĂłn (UNA), Paraguay. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Sequera).Background. The increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) among people deprived of liberty (PDL) is due to individual and institution-level factors. We followed a cohort of PDL from 5 prisons in Paraguay to describe the risk of TB during incarceration and after they were released.
Methods. We linked a 2013 national census of prisons with TB records from the TB Program from 2010 to 2021 to identify TB notifications among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated individuals. We used multivariable Cox regression models to quantify the risk of TB during and following incarceration and to identify risk factors associated with TB.
Findings. Among 2996 individuals incarcerated, 451 (15.1%) were diagnosed with TB. Of these, 262 (58.1%) cases occurred during incarceration and 189 (41.9%) occurred in the community after release. In prison, the hazard ratio of developing TB was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.52â2.61) after six months of incarceration and increased to 2.78 (95% CI: 1.82â4.24) after 36 months compared with the first six months. The overall TB notification rate was 2940 per 100,000 person-years. This rate increased with the duration of incarceration from 1335 per 100,000 person-years in the first year to 8455 per 100,000 person-years after 8 years. Among former prisoners, the rate of TB decreased from 1717 in
the first year after release to 593 per 100 000 person-years after 8 years of follow up.
Interpretation. Our study shows the alarming risk of TB associated with prison environments in Paraguay, and how this risk persists for years following incarceration. Effective TB control measures to protect the health of people during and following incarceration are urgently needed.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologĂaPrograma Paraguayo para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y TecnologĂa. Proyectos de investigaciĂłn y desarroll
Will the US Economy Recover in 2010? A Minimal Spanning Tree Study
We calculated the cross correlations between the half-hourly times series of
the ten Dow Jones US economic sectors over the period February 2000 to August
2008, the two-year intervals 2002--2003, 2004--2005, 2008--2009, and also over
11 segments within the present financial crisis, to construct minimal spanning
trees (MSTs) of the US economy at the sector level. In all MSTs, a core-fringe
structure is found, with consumer goods, consumer services, and the industrials
consistently making up the core, and basic materials, oil and gas, healthcare,
telecommunications, and utilities residing predominantly on the fringe. More
importantly, we find that the MSTs can be classified into two distinct,
statistically robust, topologies: (i) star-like, with the industrials at the
center, associated with low-volatility economic growth; and (ii) chain-like,
associated with high-volatility economic crisis. Finally, we present
statistical evidence, based on the emergence of a star-like MST in Sep 2009,
and the MST staying robustly star-like throughout the Greek Debt Crisis, that
the US economy is on track to a recovery.Comment: elsarticle class, includes amsmath.sty, graphicx.sty and url.sty. 68
pages, 16 figures, 8 tables. Abridged version of the manuscript presented at
the Econophysics Colloquim 2010, incorporating reviewer comment
Predictors of tuberculosis (TB) and antiretroviral (ARV) medication non-adherence in public primary care patients in South Africa: A cross sectional study
Background: Despite the downward trend in the absolute number of tuberculosis (TB) cases since 2006 and the
fall in the incidence rates since 2001, the burden of disease caused by TB remains a global health challenge. The
co-infection between TB and HIV adds to this disease burden. TB is completely curable through the intake of a
strict anti-TB drug treatment regimen which requires an extremely high and consistent level of adherence.The aim
of this study was to investigate factors associated with adherence to anti-TB and HIV treatment drugs.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey method was used. Three study districts (14 primary health care facilities in each)
were selected on the basis of the highest TB caseload per clinic. All new TB and new TB retreatment patients were
consecutively screened within one month of anti-tuberculosis treatment. The sample comprised of 3107 TB patients
who had been on treatment for at least three weeks and a sub-sample of the total sample were on both anti-TB
treatment and anti-retro-viral therapy(ART) (N = 757). Data collection tools included: a Socio-Demographic
Questionnaire; a Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder (PTSD) Screen; a Psychological Distress Scale; the Alcohol Use
Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT); and self-report measures of tobacco use, perceived health status and
adherence to anti-TB drugs and ART.
Results: The majority of the participants (N = 3107) were new TB cases with a 55.9% HIV co-infection rate in this
adult male and female sample 18 years and older. Significant predictors of non-adherence common to both anti-TB
drugs and to dual therapy (ART and anti-TB drugs) included poverty, having one or more co-morbid health
condition, being a high risk for alcohol mis-use and a partner who is HIV positive. An additional predictor for
non-adherence to anti-TB drugs was tobacco use.
Conclusions: A comprehensive treatment programme addressing poverty, alcohol mis-use, tobacco use and
psycho-social counseling is indicated for TB patients (with and without HIV). The treatment care package needs to
involve not only the health sector but other relevant government sectors, such as social development.IS
Impact of nonoptimal intakes of saturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fat on global burdens of coronary heart disease
Background: Saturated fat (SFA), Ïâ6 (nâ6) polyunsaturated fat (PUFA), and trans fat (TFA) influence risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but attributable CHD mortalities by country, age, sex, and time are unclear. Methods and Results: National intakes of SFA, nâ6 PUFA, and TFA were estimated using a Bayesian hierarchical model based on countryâspecific dietary surveys; food availability data; and, for TFA, industry reports on fats/oils and packaged foods. Etiologic effects of dietary fats on CHD mortality were derived from metaâanalyses of prospective cohorts and CHD mortality rates from the 2010 Global Burden of Diseases study. Absolute and proportional attributable CHD mortality were computed using a comparative risk assessment framework. In 2010, nonoptimal intakes of nâ6 PUFA, SFA, and TFA were estimated to result in 711 800 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 680 700â745 000), 250 900 (95% UI 236 900â265 800), and 537 200 (95% UI 517 600â557 000) CHD deaths per year worldwide, accounting for 10.3% (95% UI 9.9%â10.6%), 3.6%, (95% UI 3.5%â3.6%) and 7.7% (95% UI 7.6%â7.9%) of global CHD mortality. Tropical oilâconsuming countries were estimated to have the highest proportional nâ6 PUFAâ and SFAâattributable CHD mortality, whereas Egypt, Pakistan, and Canada were estimated to have the highest proportional TFAâattributable CHD mortality. From 1990 to 2010 globally, the estimated proportional CHD mortality decreased by 9% for insufficient nâ6 PUFA and by 21% for higher SFA, whereas it increased by 4% for higher TFA, with the latter driven by increases in lowâ and middleâincome countries. Conclusions: Nonoptimal intakes of nâ6 PUFA, TFA, and SFA each contribute to significant estimated CHD mortality, with important heterogeneity across countries that informs nationâspecific clinical, public health, and policy priorities.peer-reviewe
Increased incarceration rates drive growing tuberculosis burden in prisons and jeopardize overall tuberculosis control in Paraguay
Incarcerated populations are at high-risk to develop tuberculosis (TB), however their impact on the population-level tuberculosis epidemic has been scarcely studied. We aimed to describe the burden and trends of TB among incarcerated populations over time in Paraguay, its clinical and epidemiological differences and the population attributable fraction. This is an observational, descriptive study including all TB cases notified to the National TB control Program in Paraguay during the period 2009â2018. We also used case registries of prisoners diagnosed with tuberculosis from the Minister of Justice. The population attributable fraction of TB in the community due to incarcerated cases was estimated through Levinâs formula. The characteristics of TB cases in and outside of prison were compared as well as the characteristics of TB in prisons were modified over time. During 2009â2018, 2764 (9.7%) of the 28,534Â TB reported cases in Paraguay occurred in prisons. The number of prisoners in Paraguay increased from 6258 in 2009 to 14,627 in 2018 (incarceration rate, 101 to 207 per 100,000 persons) while the number of TB cases among prisoners increased by 250% (n = 192 in 2009 versus n = 480 in 2018). The annual TB notification rate among male prisoners was 3218 and 3459 per 100,000 inmates in 2009 and 2018, respectively. The percentage of all TB cases occurring among prisoners increased from 7.1% in 2009 to 14.5% in 2018. The relative risk of TB in prisons compared to community was 70.3 (95% CI, 67.7â73.1); the overall population attributable risk was 9.5%. Among the 16 penitentiary centers in the country, two of themâTacumbĂș (39.0%) and Ciudad del Este (23.3%)ârepresent two thirds of all TB cases in prisons. TB among inmates is predominantly concentrated in those 20â34Â years old (77.3% of all), twice the percentage of cases for the same age group outside of prison. Our findings show that the TB epidemic in prisons represents one of the most important challenges for TB control in Paraguay, especially in the countryâs largest cities. Appropriate TB control measures among incarcerated populations are needed and may have substantial impact on the overall TB burden in the country
Association Of Brain Arterial Diameters With Demographic And Anatomical Factors In A Multinational Pooled Analysis Of Cohort Studies
Objectives: Brain arterial dilation is an increasingly recognized cerebrovascular disease marker. However, demographic and anatomical factors may influence brain arterial diameters within the normal spectrum. We hypothesize that age, sex, height, total cranial volume (TCV) and fetal posterior cerebral arteries (fPCA) presence correlate with brain arterial diameters across diverse populations.
Methods: We included participants with available time-of-flight MRA from 9 cohort studies across the United States (4), Ecuador (1), Venezuela (1), South Africa (1) and Singapore (2). Arterial diameters of the basilar artery (BA), cavernous internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were measured using LKEB Automated Vessel Analysis (LAVA) software. Linear regression models were fitted to assess the association between brain arterial diameters and exposures. The R-squared was calculated to assess the extent of brain arterial diameter variation explained by the variables studied.
Results: The sample included 6,269 participants (mean age 68 years; 42% men). Unilateral fPCA was found in 12.6% and bilateral fPCAs in 3.0%. Older age, male sex and TCV were uniformly correlated with larger BA, ICA and MCA diameters (Table). Unilateral and bilateral fPCAs showed a negative correlation with BA diameter and a positive correlation with ICA diameters in a dose-dependent manner. Models fitted for age, sex, TCV, and fPCA presence explained on average 24, 16 and 12 % of the BA, ICAs and MCA diameter interindividual variation, respectively. Using height instead of TCV decreased the R-squared by 2% on average.
Conclusions: In this pooled analysis of cohort studies, we found brain arterial diameters consistently correlate with age, sex, TCV and fPCA presence. These factors should be considered to define abnormal arterial diameter cut-offs across populations. If resources are limited or if bedside applicability is desired, height could be used instead of TCV
Phylogeography and transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis spanning prisons and surrounding communities in Paraguay
To role that carceral institutions play in Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission remains somewhat unknown. Authors perform a prospective genomic surveillance study, to assess transmission dynamics in prisons and surrounding communities in Paraguay