Pygmy resonance and low-energy enhancement in the γ\gamma-ray strength functions of Pd~isotopes

An unexpected enhancement in the $\gamma$-ray strength function, as compared to the low energy tail of the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR), has been observed for Sc, Ti, V, Fe and Mo isotopes for $E_\gamma<4$ MeV. This enhancement was not observed in subsequent analyses on Sn isotopes, but a Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR) centered at $E_\gamma\approx8$ MeV was however detected. The $\gamma$-ray strength functions measured for Cd isotopes exhibit both features over the range of isotopes, with the low-energy enhancement decreasing- and PDR strength increasing as a function of neutron number. This suggests a transitional region for the onset of low-energy enhancement, and also that the PDR strength depends on the number of neutrons. The $\gamma$-ray strength functions of $^{105-108}$Pd have been measured in order to further explore the proposed transitional region. Experimental data were obtained at the Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory by using the charged particle reactions ($^{3}$He, $^{3}$He$^{\prime}\gamma$) and ($^{3}$He, $\alpha$$\gamma$) on $^{106,108}$Pd target foils. Particle$-\gamma$ coincidence measurements provided information on initial excitation energies and the corresponding $\gamma$-ray spectra, which were used to extract the level densities and $\gamma$-ray strength functions according to the Oslo method. The $\gamma$-ray strength functions indicate a sudden increase in magnitude for $E_{\gamma}>4$ MeV, which is interpreted as a PDR centered at $E_{\gamma}\approx8$ MeV. An enhanced $\gamma$-ray strength at low energies is also observed for $^{105}$Pd, which is the lightest isotope measured in this work. Further, the results correspond and agree very well with the observations from the Cd isotopes, and support the suggested transitional region for the onset of low-energy enhancement with decreasing mass number. The neutron number dependency of the PDR strength is also evident

137,138,139^{137,138,139}La(nn, γ\gamma) cross sections constrained with statistical decay properties of 138,139,140^{138,139,140}La nuclei

The nuclear level densities and $\gamma$-ray strength functions of $^{138,139,140}$La were measured using the $^{139}$La($^{3}$He, $\alpha$), $^{139}$La($^{3}$He, $^{3}$He$^\prime$) and $^{139}$La(d, p) reactions. The particle-$\gamma$ coincidences were recorded with the silicon particle telescope (SiRi) and NaI(Tl) (CACTUS) arrays. In the context of these experimental results, the low-energy enhancement in the A$\sim$140 region is discussed. The $^{137,138,139}$La($n, \gamma)$ cross sections were calculated at $s$- and $p$-process temperatures using the experimentally measured nuclear level densities and $\gamma$-ray strength functions. Good agreement is found between $^{139}$La($n, \gamma)$ calculated cross sections and previous measurements

A Study on Estimating Method of Market Structure and Consumers Behavior

The ever-increasing growth in the 20th century which continued for a long time in the second half failed, and the industrial society of Japan has entered the time when tomorrow is obtuse. In order that variances among companies have spread, the meaning in which even the same industry gets to know the tendency of the whole industry has faded. It was over at the time that consists as a corporation if you enforce a similar thing to peer companies. This means the necessity that each company has original tactics and strategics has increased. Therefore, companies have to do development of new products by knowing both consumer needs and choice behavior. For this reason, companies need to collect data widely from consumers and to analyze them scientifically and statistically. Moreover, it is also important to study the theoretical methodology of marketing. In this paper, five models are utilized to understand the market structure and consumer behavior. 1 . Conjoint Analysis 2. Entropy Model and Herniter Model 3 . Conjoint Analysis and Herniter Model 4. Huff Model 5 . Huff Model and Herniter Model The above five models would contribute to new product development, estimate of future market structures and consumers behavior. By such kinds of knowledge, manufactures or companies could have good opportunities to market new products. Finally, the results derived from this thesis are summarized and future studies are described

Entwicklungsförderung und Gewaltprävention für junge Menschen. Impulse des DFK-Sachverständigenrates für die Auswahl & Durchführung wirksamer Programme. Ein Leitfaden für die Praxis

Die Stiftung Deutsches Forum für Kriminalprävention (DFK) befasst sich kontinuierlich und schwerpunktmäßig mit der Frage, wie Gewaltprävention systematisch und nachhaltig gestaltet und verbreitet werden kann. Ergebnis ist der vorliegende Leitfaden „Entwicklungsförderung und Gewaltprävention für junge Menschen“, der im Rahmen des 18. Deutschen Präventionstages (DPT) in Bielefeld vorgestellt und diskutiert wird. Er knüpft an die Expertise „Gelingensbedingungen für die Prävention von interpersonaler Gewalt im Kindes- und Jugendalter“ an und erweitert die fördernde und präventive Perspektive insbesondere um Aspekte der Effektivität, der Messung von Wirksamkeit und Umsetzungsqualität sowie der Implementierung in Kitas und Schulen. Schließlich werden Fragen des Transfers und einer weitergehenden Verbreitung (Dissemination) von wirksamen und praxistauglichen Präventionsangeboten erörtert. Der Leitfaden richtet sich an professionelle Praktiker, aber auch an Entscheidungsverantwortliche in Institutionen, in Verwaltung und nicht zuletzt in Politik

Experimentally constrained 165,166Ho(n,γ)^{165,166}\text{Ho}(n,\gamma) rates and implications for the ss process

The $\gamma$-ray strength function and the nuclear level density of $^{167}$Ho have been extracted using the Oslo method from a $^{164}\text{Dy}(\alpha,p\gamma)^{167}$Ho experiment carried out at the Oslo Cyclotron Laboratory. The level density displays a shape that is compatible with %can be approximated with the constant temperature model in the quasicontinuum, while the strength function shows structures indicating the presence of both a scissors and a pygmy dipole resonance. Using our present results as well as data from a previous $^{163}\text{Dy}(\alpha,p\gamma)^{166}$Ho experiment, the $^{165}\text{Ho}(n,\gamma)$ and $^{166}\text{Ho}(n,\gamma)$ MACS uncertainties have been constrained. The possible influence of the low-lying, long-lived 6~keV isomer $^{166}$Ho in the $s$ process is investigated in the context of a 2~$M_\odot$, [Fe/H]=-0.5 AGB star. We show that the newly obtained $^{165}\text{Ho}(n,\gamma)$ MACS affects the final $^{165}$Ho abundance, while the $^{166}\text{Ho}(n,\gamma)$ MACS only impacts the enrichment of $^{166,167}$Er to a limited degree due to the relatively rapid $\beta$ decay of the thermalized $^{166}$Ho at typical $s$-process temperatures.Comment: 11 pages, submitted to Physical Reviews

InfoStrom: Learning information infrastructures for crisis management in case of medium to large electrical power breakdowns

One of the most important infrastructures in modern industrialized societies is the electricity network. Due to its fundamental role for many aspects of our everyday life, power infrastructures manifest a strong dependence between power suppliers and customers. Customers take the infrastructure for granted; it appears mostly invisible to them as long as it works, but in the case of breakdowns in power supply customers become aware of the dependence on electricity. They join professional actors in the recovery and coping work with regard to the electricity breakdown: Maintenance workers of the power provider, police, firefighters, red cross, etc. These institutions are professionalized for dealing with such situations, but the people affected by a power outage also need to be considered as actors

Triaxial Superdeformation in 163 Lu

Abstract High-spin states in 163 Lu have been investigated using the Euroball spectrometer array. The previously known superdeformed band has been extended at low and high energies, and its connection to the normal-deformed states has been established. From its decay the mixing amplitude and interaction strength between superdeformed and normal states are derived. In addition, a new band with a similar dynamic moment of inertia has been found. The experimental results are compared to cranking calculations which suggest that the superdeformed bands in this mass region correspond to shapes with a pronounced triaxiality ( γ ≈±20°)

Elevernas känsla kring inkludering i deras skolas verksamhet: Vad händer när inkludering inte fungerar?

Inkludering är en politisk ide och tolkningen av vad inkludering innebär är komplex och varierar från skola till skola. Syftet med vår studie är, ur ett elevperspektiv, att undersöka hur eleverna eventuellt kan påverkas av det politiska beslutet inkludering. För att kunna uppfylla detta syfte utförde vi observationer och kvalitativa intervjuer på en grundskola i södra Sverige. Detta empiriska material analyserade vi sedan ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv med utgångspunkt i relevant litteratur och forskning där vi utgick ifrån specifika tolkningar av begreppen inkludering och delaktighet. Vi tolkade att alla elever inte var inkluderade i undervisningen och att de inte heller var delaktiga. Vi menar att eleverna utvecklade en stigmatiserad självbild och de kände inte att de utvecklades inom matematiken. Från elevernas intervjuer kunde vi finna faktorer som gynnar deras delaktighet. Konkret och verklighetsförankrat undervisningsmaterial samt ökade tillgångar till resurser var de faktorer som framkom. I uppbyggnadsarbetet för en inkluderande skola är det viktigt att skolan definierar de begrepp som ska implementeras i skolan samt att dessa präglar hela verksamheten. Viktigt är också att detta sker som en kontinuerlig process där skolan utvärderar resultatet och i detta arbete inte glömma att inkludera elevernas erfarenheter och upplevelser