Quantificação

O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma introdução geral ao tópico da quantificação em linguagens formais e, especialmente, na lógica de predicados. Ele está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte, apresento a sintaxe e a semântica dos quantificadores para a lógica de predicados. Na segunda parte, apresento um panorama de alguns dos principais problemas de ordem lógica e/ou filosófica envolvendo quantificadores, tais como a distinção entre interpretações objetual e substitucional dos quantificadores, a abordagem quantificacional da noção de existência, os critérios quineanos de compromisso ontológico e o problema da quantificação irrestrita.This paper aims to provide a general introduction to the subject of quantification in formal languages and mainly in predicate logic. It is divided into two parts. The first one presents the syntax and semantics of the quantifiers for predicate logic. The second part offers an overview on some of the major problems of logical and/or philosophical order involving quantifiers, such as the distinction between objectual and substitutional interpretation of the quantifiers, the quantificational approach to the notion of existence, the Quinean criteria of ontological commitment, and the problem of unrestricted quantification.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Artigo de Reflexão Deus, o mal e a metafísica do livre arbítrio

This paper is a translation to Portuguese of the ninth chapter of Alvin Plantinga’s 1974 book The Nature of Necessity, in which the famous freewill defense for the problem of evil is presented in its most complete form. By making use of the theory of possible worlds developed in the previous chapters of the book, Plantinga engages in a recognizably successful attempt to show  that the existence of evil is not inconsistent with the existence of an omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omniscient being. In addition to the translation, we provide a brief introduction to Plantinga’s free-will defense and to the debate about God and evil in the analytic philosophy of religion. Key words: problem of evil, free-will defense, possible worlds, analytic philosophy of religion.Este artigo é uma tradução, para o português, do nono capítulo do livro The Nature of Necessity de Alvin Plantinga, de 1974. Neste, está exposta, na sua forma mais completa, a famosa defesa do livre arbítrio para o problema do mal. Utilizando-se da teoria dos mundos possíveis desenvolvida nos capítulos anteriores do livro, Plantinga concretiza, reconhecidamente, uma bem-sucedida tentativa de mostrar que a existência do mal não é inconsistente com a existência de um ser onipotente, onibenevolente e onisciente. Além da tradução, o artigo contém uma breve introdução à defesa do livre arbítrio de Plantinga e ao debate acerca de Deus e o mal na filosofia analítica da religião. Palavras-chave: problema do mal, defesa do livre-arbítrio, mundos possíveis, filosofia analítica da religião

TEXTOS SELECIONADOS DE FILOSOFIA DA ECONOMIA

Translation into Portuguese of SEP entries on Philosophy of Economic

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Em defesa da definição fregeana de analiticidade: Uma análise crítica dos argumentos de Quine em Dois Dogmas

O presente artigo busca defender a definição fregeana de analiticidade contra os ataques desenvolvidos por Quine em seu famoso artigo Dois Dogmas do Empirismo. Meu objetivo é mostrar que os argumentos de Quine são insatisfatórios para provar a suposta circularidade da definição fregeana. Antes de chegar ao núcleo do meu argumento em favor de Frege, realizo uma análise crítica de algumas das mais importantes propostas de interpretação da noção de analiticidade, em especial àquelas desenvolvidas por Leibniz e Kant