MODERN APPROACH TOWARDS “STANDARD FORM” CONTRACTS: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

In “Standard Form” contracts, one party drafts the terms and conditions and the other party is invited to accept it or leave it. Only option for the invited party is either adhere to all the terms and conditions or leave it altogether. Standard forms are commonly used in the contemporary complex world of mass corporations, mass production of goods and services among others. The use of standard terms and condition is not only limited to contracts in commercial transactions but also in contracts with public authorities, multinational organizations and giant corporations, banking, insurance and transportations etc. These contracts are termed and named differently in different jurisdictions. Sometimes it is referred to as standard-form contract or boilerplate agreements. The Standard Form contracts s are used abundantly in every field. Examples include insurance contacts, employment contracts, banking contracts, transportation, online websites and software among others. This study aim to discuss the origin and historical evolution of the standard form contracts including its characteristics and features. This study will also provide a comparison between the standard contracts and the conventional contractual Paradigm. Additionally, the principle of freedom of contract and initial judicial response to the contracts of adhesion has also been discussed in this study. Finally, the application of strict contract theory and modern approach towards standard form contracts, doctrine of Unconscionability has been discussed from legal prospective. This study will help to understand the rights of weaker parties and to protect them in any unjust situation arises from any such contract

Konsep Pendidikan Anak dalam Islam Perspektif Muhammad Sa’id Murs’i dalam Kitab Fann Tarbiyah Al-Awlad Fil-Islam

Pendidikan Islam telah diyakini sebagai satu-satunya pendidikan yang mampu mencetak anak didik berbudi pekerti yang baik, bertakwa dan beriman kepada Allah SWT. Namun, dalam kenyataannya, kenyakinan tersebut seringkali tidak sesuai dengan fakta dan realita. Berpijak dari hal tersebut di atas, maka permasalahan yang ingin dijawab dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana konsep pemikiran Muhammad Sa’?d Murs? dalam mendidik anak secara islam. Penelitian ini adalah merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode riset kepustakaan (library research) yaitu menelusuri sumber-sumber kepustakan yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan yang diangkat dari sumber primer yaitu buku” Fann Tarbiyah al-Awl?d fi al-Isl?m”karya Muhammad Sa’?d Murs?, Penelitian menggunakan metode dokumentasi dengan content analysis yang merupakan analisis ilmiah tentang isi pesan guna mencari solusi suatu permasalahan, dengan tehnik analisis deskriptif serta menggunakan interpretasi data yaitu menyelami isi buku dan mengungkap pesan yang ingin disampaikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salah satu keberhasilan dalam proses pembelajaran ditentukan oleh pertama landasan Theologi pendidikan anak, kedua memahami karakter anak agar pendidik bisa menyikapi prilaku anak yang kelihatanya menyimpang dengan tepat, ketiga penggunaan metode, metode berfungsi untuk mempermudah siswa memahami bahan pelajaran dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang ingin dicapai, keempat adalah materi pendidikan, materi pendidikan menurut pandangan beliau adalah meliput: Aqidah, ibadah dan akhlak materi beliau diakhiri dengan pendidikan seks

In-Vitro Synergestic Effects Between Bifidobacterium Pseudocatenulatum G4 and Inulin on Human Gastrointestinal Tract Microbial Composition

The eagerness in finding the most effective probiotic strain has attracted many investigations. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4, strain isolated from free-living infant was reported to have characteristics as probiotic candidate. Meanwhile, inulin is a known natural source of carbon that can act as a prebiotic substance. The consumption of probiotic, prebiotic, and its combination (synbiotic) was reported to have the ability to alter microbial composition in human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In this study, the effects of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 (probiotic), inulin (prebiotic) and its combination (synbiotic) towards the human GIT microbial composition were evaluated in vitro. The effects of inulin incorporated in chocolate products as one of its ingredients were also tested. Real-time PCR assay with selected genus- and species-specific primers were used as a tool in identification and enumeration of selected bacterial strain in fermentation of mixture of bacteria from human faecal sample while dilution and plate count technique was used to enumerate the bacterial cell in fermentation of pure culture bacteria. The morphology of the tested Bifidobacterium strains was observed and the species was confirmed by molecular method targeting 16S rRNA gene. In pure culture batch fermentation of tryptone peptone yeast (TPY) medium supplemented with 0.5% inulin, B. pseudocatenulatum G4 grew at the growth rate of 0.53 ± 0.06 log10 h-1 as compared to other Bifidobacterium strains namely B. breve ATCC 15700, B. longum BB536, and B. infantis ATCC 15697 which grew at 0.45 ± 0.04 log10 h-1, 0.31 ± 0.08 log10 h-1, and 0.72 ± 0.03 log10 h-1, respectively. The same amount of inulin was then introduced into darkand milk chocolate and caused B. pseudocatenulatum G4, B. breve ATCC 15700, B. longum BB536, and B. infantis ATCC 15697 to grow at 0.54 ± 0.06, 0.44 ± 0.04, 0.36 ± 0.05, 0.73 ± 0.02 log10 h-1 for dark chocolate and 0.57 ± 0.05, 0.46 ± 0.03, 0.41 ± 0.04, 0.75 ± 0.01 log10 h-1 for milk chocolate respectively. Some of the chocolate ingredients had also influenced the growth of B. pseudocatenulatum G4. The addition of 0.5% of cocoa liquor in TPY medium caused B. pseudocatenulatum G4 to grow at 0.29 ± 0.03 log10 h-1, and isomalt at 0.59 ± 0.05 log10 h-1 compared to TPY medium without any additional carbon source which grew at 0.19 ± 0.02 log10 h-1, while the addition of cocoa butter did not support the growth of B. pseudocatenulatum G4. In 24 hours batch fermentation of human faecal bacteria, B. pseudocatenulatum G4 (Probiotic) showed its probiotic effects by inhibiting the growth of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecalis. The addition of inulin (Prebiotic) selectively supported the growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus as well as inhibits the growth of Bacteroides, Salmonella, and E. faecalis. The synbiotic combination of B. pseudocatenulatum G4 and inulin (Synbiotic) showed a synergestic effect as they reduced the number of Bacteroides, Salmonella, and E. faecalis better than Probiotic or Prebiotic alone. Synbiotic chocolate preparations (DCsynbiotic and MCsynbiotic) showed better synergestic effect with B. pseudocatenulatum G4 compared to Synbiotic when Bifidobacterium increased at 1.64 log10 (DCsynbiotic) and 1.67 log10 cells/ml (MCsynbiotic) from the initial counts. Lactobacillus also increased its cell number higher than Synbiotic treatment. Nevertheless, synbiotic chocolate preparations also gave a positive result towards the growth of potential pathogenic bacteria when compared to Synbiotic. However, the inhibition pattern still can be observed on Salmonella and E. faecalis when compared to glucose (control). The antimicrobial action was largely due to the pattern of lactic and acetic acid production in fermentation. Here, the synbiotic approach was more efficient than prebiotic or probiotic alone to modulate the human GIT microbial composition and B. pseudocatenulatum G4 with inulin is a compatible synbiotic pair to perform the function

The Effect Of Pre - Treatment Followed By Cryorolling On The Microstructures, Mechanical Properties And Corrosion Behaviour Of Al 5052 Alloy

This research was aimed to study the effect of different pre-heat treatment on cryorolled Al 5052 alloy. Two types of pre-treatments; without pre-treatment, annealing (150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C and 350°C) and solution treatment (480°C, 510°C and 540°C) were selected to study the effect of pre-heat treatment on the properties of cryorolled Al 5052 alloy. Al 5052 alloys were heated at various pre-heat treatments process before cryorolling. Then, the Al 5052 alloys were dipped in liquid nitrogen and rolled at cryogenic temperature (cryorolling) at 30% thickness reduction. The Al 5052 alloy also was cold rolled at the 30% thickness reduction for comparison. The details of microstructural characteristics, physical properties, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of Al 5052 alloy were investigated using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vicker microhardness, Instron tensile test and potentiodynamic polarization test. The optical micrograph revealed that the grains are elongated along the rolling direction and the cryorolled samples showed higher grain aspect ratio compared to cold rolled. The grain aspect ratio increases with pre-heat treatment temperatures for both pre-heat treatment and achieved the highest aspect ratio at 300°C for pre-annealed and 540°C for pre-solution treated. The structure of cryorolled sample for both pre-heat treatment samples showed high density of dislocations and formation of submicron-sized grains. The mechanical properties showed that the cryorolled sample pre-annealed at 300°C exhibited the highest hardness, yield and ultimate tensile strength values with improvement of 17.3%, 13% and 15%, respectively, compared to non pre-treatment cryorolled sample. In contrast, the cryorolled sample pre-solution treated at 540°C exhibited the highest hardness, yield and ultimate tensile strength values with improvement of 13.6%, 7.1% and 4.8%, respectively, compared to non pre-treatment cryorolled sample. The cryorolled sample pre-annealed at 300°C and cryorolled sample pre-solution treated sample at 540°C exhibited the highest corrosion resistance due to lowest corrosion current, Icorr and corrosion rate values and more positive value of corrosion potential, Ecorr. The cryorolled sample pre-annealed at 300°C displayed an excellent physical, mechanical and corrosion properties compared to other samples. nano-composites are higher than UnF SiR/EPDM

SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI NANOPARTIKEL EMAS MENGGUNAKAN MATRIKS BENTONIT SEBAGAI MATERIAL PEREDAM RADIKAL BEBAS DALAM KOSMETIK (SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLE USING A MATRIX OF BENTONITE IN SCAVENGING FREE RADICALS IN COSMETICS)

Abstrak. Penelitian sintesis dan karakterisasi nanopartikel emas dengan menggunakan matriks bentonit sebagai material peredam radikal bebas dalam kosmetik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui ukuran nanopartikel emas dengan matriks bentonit dan perbedaan kemampuan emas dalam meredam radikal bebas. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian eksperimental. Konsentrasi HAuCl4 yang digunakan adalah 5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25 ppm. Untuk mengetahui morfologi nanopartikel emas dengan matriks bentonit digunakan uji dengan SEM, kemudian untuk mengetahui ukuran nanopartikel emas yang dominan dan perbedaan kemampuan emas dalam meredam radikal bebas digunakan uji Spektrofotometer Uv-Vis. Sintesis nanopartikel emas dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap  yaitu pembuatan larutan induk HAuCl4, preparasi matriks bentonit, sintesis nanopartikel emas. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan dari uji SEM morfologi permukaan nanopartikel emas yang terdispersi pada permukaan matriks bentonit. Dari uji Spektrofotometer Uv-Vis didapatkan ukuran nanopartikel emas yang dominan  dengan variasi kosentrasi 5; 10; 15; 20; 25 ppm yaitu tidak diketahui, 17,96, 7,01, 7,98, 8,73 nm, dengan persen peredaman 72,17, 72,55, 73,80, 78,45, dan 88,96%. Hasil ini menunjukkan konsentrasi HAuCl4 pada rentang 5 sampai 25 ppm masih mempunyai ukuran cluster yang hampir sama dan semakin besar konsentrasi nanopartikel emas maka semakin meningkat persen peredaman. Kata Kunci: sintesis, nanopartikel emas, bentonit, radikal bebas. Abstract. Research synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using bentonite matrix as a scavenging free radical materials in cosmetics. The purpose of this study to determine the size of the gold nanoparticles to the matrix of bentonite and differences in the ability of gold to scavenging free radicals. This type of research uses experimental method. HAuCl4 concentrations used were 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm. To determine the morphology of gold nanoparticles with the matrix of bentonite used SEM to test with, and then to determine the size of the gold nanoparticles are dominant and to know the difference of the gold used to reduce free radicals in the test Uv-Vis spectrophotometer. The research was carried out in several stages, namely, the manufacture of the mother liquor HAuCl4, bentonite matrix preparation, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The results obtained from test SEM surface morphology of gold nanoparticles dispersed on the surface of bentonite matrix .. Of Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer test found that the dominant size of gold nanoparticles with various concentrations of 5; 10; 15; 20; 25 ppm is not known, 17.96, 7.01, 7.98, 8.73 nm, the percent reduction of gold nanoparticles 72.17, 72.55, 73.80, 78.45, 88.96%.These results indicate the concentration of HAuCl4 in the range of 5 to 25 ppm still have a similar cluster size and the greater the concentration of gold nanoparticles per cent reduction is increasing as well. Key Word: synthesis, gold nanoparticles, bentonite, DPP

Isolation and characterization of bacteria from door handles at UiTM Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Kuala Pilah / Muhammad Anas Mohamad Arbaain

Bacteria are microscopic organisms that occupied the nature widely from the living organisms until the non-living organisms. Bacteria are so small that cannot be seen by our naked eyes and exist everywhere. The bacteria can be transmitted from one place to another by medium or fomite. Example of fomite is the door handles. The door handles are most widely used by the humans and become major place of bacteria transmission. A study was conducted by isolation and characterization of bacteria from the door handles at UITM Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The samples were collected by swabbing the sterile cotton swab through the object and inoculated at the nutrient agar and MacConkey agar. The bacteria samples were further characterized by gram staining and series of biochemical tests. Twelve isolated bacterial colonies were obtained in this study. Eight colonies were identified while other four were not identified, based on their morphological characteristics of growth on the agar medium and ten biochemical tests carried out in this study. The bacterial isolates successfully identified were Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., and Lactobacillus spp

Modeling and Fabrication of Smart Robotic Wheelchair Instructed by Head Gesture

The confronting problem faced by the handicapped, paralyzed, disabled, and quadriplegic people is their independent mobility. They need external assistance to perform their daily life activities. This paper aims to solve that problem by smart designing and deployment of the robotic wheelchair for those who cannot perform their voluntary activities and movements. The proposed automated wheelchair comprises two parts; the first part is the user's helmet that works as a master device, and the second part is a slave device, a smart wheelchair. The master device consists of an accelerometer, microcontroller, and wireless transmitter, in which the Accelerometer recognizes the movements of the user's head and transmits the signal according to the tiltation of the user's head. Besides this, the slave device consists of a wireless receiver, microcontroller, Gyroscope, power MOSFETs, and DC geared motors mounted on a smart wheelchair, which response as per the instructions of the master device. Furthermore, the paper also provides a brief construction of this mechatronic and amphibian system using static and dynamic equations

Penguatan Pelacakan Aset Pada Pembuktian Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang

Pelacakan aset menjadi bagian penting dalam pembuktian tindak pidana pencucian uang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan impelementasi dan tantangan pelacakan aset pada pembuktian tindak pidana pencucian uang, serta memberikan rekomendasi dalam hal penguatan pelacakan aset yang dilakukan oleh Kejaksaan Tinggi Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif-empiris dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekata konseptual (conceptual approach). Data dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pelacakan aset yang dilakukan pada Kejaksaan Tinggi Sulawesi Selatan merujuk pada ketentuan perundang-undangan dan Perja tentang SOP Pelacakan Aset yang dijalankan pada bidang tindak pidana khusus dan bidang intelijen. Dalam pelaksanaannya pelacakan aset juga melibatkan instansi atau Lembaga lain melalui fungsi koordinasi. Untuk rekomendasi penguatan yang diperlukan ialah melalui revisi undang-undang tetang perluasan kewenangan  kejaksaan dalam melakukan pelacakan aset , peningkatan kapasitas SDM melalui pelatihan berbasis digital forensic, serta meningkatkan kolaborasi dengan melakukan kerjasama, membentuk kelompok kerja ad hoc berbasis kasus atau tahun anggaran dengan Lembaga dan/atau instansi terkait. Guna memaksimalkan fungsi koordinasi dalam pelacakan aset sebagai tahapan awal pembuktian tindak pidana pencucian uang