Cannabis, Cannabidiol Oils and Tetrahydrocannabinol—What Do Veterinarians Need to Know?

As cannabis-derived products have become more available, veterinarians are seeing more cases of toxicosis. In addition, animal owners are having an increasing interest in using these products for their pets. This review looks at the situation in Europe and North America, the different types of cannabis and cannabis-derived products with historical examples of use in animals, and the cannabis industry. The existing regulatory framework for use in humans and animals as medicines and/or supplements was examined. Finally, a review of the clinical indications for which medicinal cannabis is authorised, a discussion of toxicosis, and recommendations and warnings around medical cannabis use are presented

Comer en tiempos de confinamiento : gestión de la alimentación, disciplina y placer

Observatorio de la Alimentación/ Departament d'Antropologia Social (Universitat de Barcelona)El análisis de los fenómenos alimentarios en una sociedad en un periodo determinado aporta evidencias sobre su funcionamiento y sus relaciones sociales. Este estudio analiza la experiencia del confinamiento provocado por el estado de alarma en España a través de las prácticas y representaciones alimentarias de mujeres adultas, residentes en zonas urbanas de Cataluña. Los análisis muestran la importancia de la alimentación en la cotidianidad del confinamiento, que fue experimentado bajo discursos y normas distintos (de organización social, de salud, de cuerpo, de género), que provocaron prácticas dicotómicas y dinámicas que se (re)configuraron a lo largo de la pandemia.The analysis of food phenomena in a society at any given period provides evidence of its functioning and its social relations. This study aims to analyze the confinement experience caused by the state of alarm in Spain through food practices and representations of adult women, residents of urban areas of Catalonia. The analysis shows the social importance of food in the daily life experience during this period that has been experienced under different discourses and norms (of social organization, health, body, gender) that provoked dichotomous and dynamic practices that were (re)configured throughout the pandemic

Comer en tiempos de confinamiento: gestión de la alimentación, disciplina y placer

[spa] El análisis de los fenómenos alimentarios en una sociedad en un periodo determinado aporta evidencias sobre su funcionamiento y sus relaciones sociales. Este estudio analiza la experiencia del confinamiento provocado por el estado de alarma en España a través de las prácticas y representaciones alimentarias de mujeres adultas, residentes en zonas urbanas de Cataluña. Los análisis muestran la importancia de la alimentación en la cotidianidad del confinamiento, que fue experimentado bajo discursos y normas distintos (de organización social, de salud, de cuerpo, de género), que provocaron prácticas dicotómicas y dinámicas que se (re)configuraron a lo largo de la pandemia[eng] The analysis of food phenomena in a society at any given period provides evidence of its functioning and its social relations. This study aims to analyze the confinement experience caused by the state of alarm in Spain through food practices and representations of adult women, residents of urban areas of Catalonia. The analysis shows the social importance of food in the daily life experience during this period that has been experienced under different discourses and norms (of social organization, health, body, gender) that provoked dichotomous and dynamic practices that were (re)configured throughout the pandemic

Tundra Trait Team: A database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome

Published VersionMotivation:The Tundra Trait Team (TTT) database includes field‐based measurements of key traits related to plant form and function at multiple sites across the tundra biome. This dataset can be used to address theoretical questions about plant strategy and trade‐offs, trait–environment relationships and environmental filtering, and trait variation across spatial scales, to validate satellite data, and to inform Earth system model parameters. Main types of variable contained: The database contains 91,970 measurements of 18 plant traits. The most frequently measured traits (> 1,000 observations each) include plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf fresh and dry mass, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus content, leaf C:N and N:P, seed mass, and stem specific density. Spatial location and grain: Measurements were collected in tundra habitats in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, including Arctic sites in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Fennoscandia and Siberia, alpine sites in the European Alps, Colorado Rockies, Caucasus, Ural Mountains, Pyrenees, Australian Alps, and Central Otago Mountains (New Zealand), and sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. More than 99% of observations are georeferenced. Time period and grain: All data were collected between 1964 and 2018. A small number of sites have repeated trait measurements at two or more time periods.Major taxa and level of measurement:Trait measurements were made on 978 terrestrial vascular plant species growing in tundra habitats. Most observations are on individuals (86%), while the remainder represent plot or site means or maximums per species. Software format: csv file and GitHub repository with data cleaning scripts in R; contribution to TRY plant trait database (www.try-db.org) to be included in the next version release

From Understanding to Sustainable Use of Peatlands: The WETSCAPES Approach

Of all terrestrial ecosystems, peatlands store carbon most effectively in long-term scales of millennia. However, many peatlands have been drained for peat extraction or agricultural use. This converts peatlands from sinks to sources of carbon, causing approx. 5% of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect and additional negative effects on other ecosystem services. Rewetting peatlands can mitigate climate change and may be combined with management in the form of paludiculture. Rewetted peatlands, however, do not equal their pristine ancestors and their ecological functioning is not understood. This holds true especially for groundwater-fed fens. Their functioning results from manifold interactions and can only be understood following an integrative approach of many relevant fields of science, which we merge in the interdisciplinary project WETSCAPES. Here, we address interactions among water transport and chemistry, primary production, peat formation, matter transformation and transport, microbial community, and greenhouse gas exchange using state of the art methods. We record data on six study sites spread across three common fen types (Alder forest, percolation fen, and coastal fen), each in drained and rewetted states. First results revealed that indicators reflecting more long-term effects like vegetation and soil chemistry showed a stronger differentiation between drained and rewetted states than variables with a more immediate reaction to environmental change, like greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Variations in microbial community composition explained differences in soil chemical data as well as vegetation composition and GHG exchange. We show the importance of developing an integrative understanding of managed fen peatlands and their ecosystem functioning.

Root biomass and root traits of Alnus glutinosa show size-dependent and opposite patterns in a drained and a rewetted forest peatland

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Forest peatlands represent 25 % of global peatlands and store large amounts of carbon (C) as peat. Traditionally they have been drained in order to increase forestry yield, which may cause large losses of C from the peat. Rewetting aims to stop these losses and to restore the initial storage function of the peatlands. As roots represent major peat-forming elements in these systems, we sampled roots with diameter <5 mm in a drained and a rewetted forest peatland in north-east Germany to evaluate differences in tree biomass investments below ground, root functional characteristics and root age. METHODS: We cored soil next to Alnus glutinosa stems and sorted root biomass into <1, 1-2 and 2-5 mm diameter classes. We measured biomass distribution and specific root area (SRA) in 10-cm depth increments down to 50 cm, and estimated root age from annual growth rings. KEY RESULTS: Root biomass in the rewetted site was more than double that in the drained site. This difference was mostly driven by very fine roots <1 mm, which accounted for 51 % of the total root biomass and were mostly (75 %) located in the upper 20 cm. For roots <1 mm, SRA did not differ between the sites. However, SRA of the 1-2 mm and 2-5 mm diameter roots was higher in the drained than in the rewetted site. Root age did not differ between sites. CONCLUSIONS: The size-dependent opposite patterns between root biomass and their functional characteristics under contrasting water regimes indicate differences between fine and coarse roots in their response to environmental changes. Root age distribution points to similar root turnover rates between the sites, while higher root biomass in the rewetted site clearly indicates larger tree C stocks below ground under rewetting, supporting the C sink function of the ecosystem

Regional Water Implications of Reducing Oil Imports with Liquid Transportation Fuel Alternatives in the United States

The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) is among the cornerstone policies created to increase U.S. energy independence by using biofuels. Although greenhouse gas emissions have played a role in shaping the RFS, water implications are less understood. We demonstrate a spatial, life cycle approach to estimate water consumption of transportation fuel scenarios, including a comparison to current water withdrawals and drought incidence by state. The water consumption and land footprint of six scenarios are compared to the RFS, including shale oil, coal-to-liquids, shale gas-to-liquids, corn ethanol, and cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass. The corn scenario is the most water and land intense option and is weighted toward drought-prone states. Fossil options and cellulosic ethanol require significantly less water and are weighted toward less drought-prone states. Coal-to-liquids is an exception, where water consumption is partially weighted toward drought-prone states. Results suggest that there may be considerable water and land impacts associated with meeting energy security goals through using only biofuels. Ultimately, water and land requirements may constrain energy security goals without careful planning, indicating that there is a need to better balance trade-offs. Our approach provides policymakers with a method to integrate federal policies with regional planning over various temporal and spatial scales

Comer en tiempos de confinamiento : gestión de la alimentación, disciplina y placer

Observatorio de la Alimentación/ Departament d'Antropologia Social (Universitat de Barcelona)El análisis de los fenómenos alimentarios en una sociedad en un periodo determinado aporta evidencias sobre su funcionamiento y sus relaciones sociales. Este estudio analiza la experiencia del confinamiento provocado por el estado de alarma en España a través de las prácticas y representaciones alimentarias de mujeres adultas, residentes en zonas urbanas de Cataluña. Los análisis muestran la importancia de la alimentación en la cotidianidad del confinamiento, que fue experimentado bajo discursos y normas distintos (de organización social, de salud, de cuerpo, de género), que provocaron prácticas dicotómicas y dinámicas que se (re)configuraron a lo largo de la pandemia.The analysis of food phenomena in a society at any given period provides evidence of its functioning and its social relations. This study aims to analyze the confinement experience caused by the state of alarm in Spain through food practices and representations of adult women, residents of urban areas of Catalonia. The analysis shows the social importance of food in the daily life experience during this period that has been experienced under different discourses and norms (of social organization, health, body, gender) that provoked dichotomous and dynamic practices that were (re)configured throughout the pandemic

Modelling induced innovation for the low-carbon energy transition: a menu of options

Abstract Induced innovation is a multi-faceted process characterized by interaction between demand-pull forces, path-dependent self-reinforcing change, and the cost reduction of technology that occurs with cumulative deployment. By endogenously including induced innovation in energy models, policy analysts and modellers could enable a mission-oriented approach to policymaking that envisions the opportunities of accelerating the low-carbon energy transition while avoiding the risks of inaction. While the Integrated Assessment Models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-IAMs) account for induced innovation, their assumptions of general equilibrium and optimality may reveal weaknesses that produce unsatisfactory results for policymakers. In this paper, we develop a menu of options for modelling induced innovation in the energy transition with non-equilibrium, non-optimal models by a three step methodology: a modelling survey questionnaire, a review of the literature, and an analysis of case studies from modelling applications within the Economics of Energy Innovation and System Transition (EEIST) programme. The survey questionnaire allows us to compare 24 models from EEIST partner institutions developed to inform energy and decarbonization policy decisions. We find that only six models, FTT, GIBM, SEC, E3ME, M3E3 and DSK, represent endogenous innovation—in the form of learning curves, R&amp;D, and spillover effects. The review of the literature and analysis of case studies allow us to form a typology of different models of induced innovation alongside the IPCC-IAMs and develop a decision tree to guide policy analysts and modellers in the choice of the most appropriate models to answer specific policy questions. The paper provides evidence for integrating narrow and systemic approaches to modelling-induced innovation in the context of low-carbon energy transition, and promotes cooperation instead of competition between different but complementary approaches. These findings are consistent with the implementation of Risk-Opportunity Analysis as a policy appraisal method to evaluate low-carbon transition pathways.</jats:p

Modelling induced innovation for the low-carbon energy transition: a menu of options

Induced innovation is a multi-faceted process characterized by interaction between demand-pull forces, path-dependent self-reinforcing change, and the cost reduction of technology that occurs with cumulative deployment. By endogenously including induced innovation in energy models, policy analysts and modellers could enable a mission-oriented approach to policymaking that envisions the opportunities of accelerating the low-carbon energy transition while avoiding the risks of inaction. While the Integrated Assessment Models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-IAMs) account for induced innovation, their assumptions of general equilibrium and optimality may reveal weaknesses that produce unsatisfactory results for policymakers. In this paper, we develop a menu of options for modelling induced innovation in the energy transition with non-equilibrium, non-optimal models by a three step methodology: a modelling survey questionnaire, a review of the literature, and an analysis of case studies from modelling applications within the Economics of Energy Innovation and System Transition (EEIST) programme. The survey questionnaire allows us to compare 24 models from EEIST partner institutions developed to inform energy and decarbonization policy decisions. We find that only six models, FTT, GIBM, SEC, E3ME, M3E3 and DSK, represent endogenous innovation—in the form of learning curves, R&D, and spillover effects. The review of the literature and analysis of case studies allow us to form a typology of different models of induced innovation alongside the IPCC-IAMs and develop a decision tree to guide policy analysts and modellers in the choice of the most appropriate models to answer specific policy questions. The paper provides evidence for integrating narrow and systemic approaches to modelling-induced innovation in the context of low-carbon energy transition, and promotes cooperation instead of competition between different but complementary approaches. These findings are consistent with the implementation of Risk-Opportunity Analysis as a policy appraisal method to evaluate low-carbon transition pathways.</p