The WTO from the Perspective of a Developing Country

This Essay starts by laying out the shortcomings of the WTO. In Part II it lays out the issues at stake in the Seattle Conference. Part III is about the effects of the Seattle fiasco. Part IV gives the author\u27s views on what a development round should be. Part V asserts that the WTO should promote fair labor standards. Finally, Part VI discusses the prospects for the WTO to address concerns of developing nations

The WTO from the Perspective of a Developing Country

This Essay starts by laying out the shortcomings of the WTO. In Part II it lays out the issues at stake in the Seattle Conference. Part III is about the effects of the Seattle fiasco. Part IV gives the author\u27s views on what a development round should be. Part V asserts that the WTO should promote fair labor standards. Finally, Part VI discusses the prospects for the WTO to address concerns of developing nations

Presence and significance of Helicobacter spp. in the gastric mucosa of Portuguese dogs

Background: Non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters (NHPH) are also able to cause disease in humans. Dogs are a natural reservoir for many of these species. Close and intense human contact with animals has been identified as a risk factor and therefore, an important zoonotic significance has been attributed to NHPH. Methods: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter species and the gastric histopathological changes associated, gastric mucosa samples of 69 dogs were evaluated. Results: Only one dog presented a normal histopathological mucosa with absence of spiral-shaped organisms. A normal gastric mucosa and the presence of spiral-shaped bacteria was observed in two dogs. All remaining animals presented histopathological changes representative of gastritis. Helicobacter species were detected in 60 dogs (87.0%) by at least one detection method. Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluations revealed that Helicobacter spp. were present in 45 (65.2%), 52 (75.4%) and 57 (82.6%) dogs, respectively. Spiral-shaped bacteria were detected by qPCR analysis in 33 (47.8%) dogs. H. heilmannii-like organisms were identified in 22 animals (66.7%) and predominantly in the antral gastric region. H. salomonis was the second most prevalent species (51.5%) although it was mainly found in association with other Helicobacter spp. and in the body gastric region. H. bizzozeronii and H. felis were less frequently detected. Conclusions: It was concluded that, despite the high incidence and worldwide distribution of gastric NHPH in dogs, the presence of specific Helicobacter species may vary between geographic regions. NHPH infections were significantly accompanied by mild to moderate intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration and mild to moderate gastric epithelial injury, but a clear relationship between gastritis and Helicobacter infection could not be established

GRANDE ESTRATÉGIA: POLÍTICA EXTERNA E DEFESA EM UM MUNDO EM TRANSFORMAÇÃO

In the last years of the twentieth century, after the end of the Cold War, the world has evolved into a mixed structure, which preserves the characteristics of unipolarity at the same time that approaches to a multipolar world in some ways. In an international reality marked by its fluid nature, the emergence of new actors and the so-called "asymmetric threats" has not eliminated the former agents in the world order. And the conflict between the States has not disappeared from the horizon. In this context, diplomacy must have the permanent support of defense policy. Therefore, in the Brazilian case, the paper presents that the country should adopt a grand strategy that combines foreign policy and defense policy, in which soft power will be enhanced by hard power.Nos últimos anos do século XX, com o fim da Guerra Fria, o mundo evoluiu para uma estrutura mista, que conserva traços da unipolaridade, mas que, em certos aspectos, se aproxima de um mundo multipolar. Em uma realidade internacional de natureza fluida, a emergência de novos atores e das chamadas “ameaças assimétricas” não eliminou os antigos agentes na ordem mundial, e o conflito entre Estados não desapareceu de todo do horizonte. Nessa conjuntura, a diplomacia deve ter o respaldo permanente da política de defesa. Para tanto, no caso brasileiro, o artigo apresenta que o país deve adotar uma grande estratégia que conjugue política externa e política de defesa, na qual o poder brando (soft power) será reforçado pelo poder robusto (hard power)

Association of modified atmospheres and antioxidants reduce browning of minimally processed potatoes

O escurecimento enzimático da batata minimamente processa- da reduz o valor comercial do produto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações químicas e físicas em batatas ‘Ágata’ minimamente processadas embaladas sob atmosfera modificada em associação com antioxidantes. Batatas ‘Ágata’ foram minimamente processadas como mini batatas e tratadas por imersão em soluções antioxidantes de ácido cítrico a 2%, ácido eritórbico a 3%, combinação de ácido cí- trico a 2% e ácido eritórbico a 3%, e combinação de ácido cítrico a 3% e ácido eritórbico a 5% embaladas em filmes de nylon multicamadas. Os três primeiros tratamentos foram embalados sob atmosfera modificada passiva enquanto no último tratamento apli- cou-se atmosfera modificada ativa com 10% CO2 , 2% O2 , 88% N2 . Observou-se que o tratamento com aplicação de antioxidantes em associação com atmosfera modificada ativa apresentou índice de escurecimento 24% menor e atividade enzimática da PPO e da POD 92% e 73% menor, respectivamente, que a média dos demais trata- mentos no nono dia de observação. Houve elevação nos teores de vitamina C total, observado principalmente em tratamentos que uti- lizaram ácido eritrórbico. Observou-se uma correlação entre a de- gradação do amido e o aumento nos teores de açúcares solúveis to- tais e da vitamina C total em alguns tratamentos. O tratamento com aplicação de antioxidantes em associação com atmosfera modifica- da ativa foi o mais efetivo na manutenção dos atributos de qualidade de batatas minimamente processadas.Enzymatic browning of minimally processed potatoes reduces the final price of the product. The present work was carried out aiming to evaluate chemical and physical characteristics in fresh-cut ‘Ágata’ potatoes stored under modified atmospheres and treated with antioxidants. Potatoes ‘Ágata’ were minimally processed as baby potatoes and treated with antioxidants solutions as follows: citric acid (2%), eritrorbic acid (3%), combination of citric acid (2%) and eritrorbic acid (3%), and stored under passive modified atmosphere. A fourth treatment consisting of the combination of citric acid (3%) and eritrorbic acid (5%), in association with active modified atmosphere (10% CO2 , 2% O2 , 88% N2 ) was set up. Baby potatoes treated with citric acid (3%) and eritrorbic acid (5%), in association with active modified atmosphere, had a browning index that was 24% lower than the average of the other 3 treatments at the end of the experiment. Similarly, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity were 92 and 73% lower, respectively, in the treatment where antioxidants and active modified atmosphere were combined than the average of the other three treatments at the ninth day of storage. There was an increase in total vitamin C content, mainly in treatments where eritrorbic acid was applied. Combination of antioxidants and active modified atmosphere showed the best maintenance of quality attributes for fresh-cut potatoes

Chemical and physical characterization of fresh-cut ‘Ágata’ potatoes packed under different active modified atmospheres

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações químicas e físicas em batatas ‘Ágata’ minimamente processadas, embaladas sob diferentes atmosferas, durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Batatas ‘Ágata’ foram minimamente processadas como minibatatas e embaladas em filmes de náilon multicamadas. Os tratamentos aplicados no momento da embalagem foram o vácuo parcial e as misturas 10%CO2, 2%O2, 88%N2 ou 5%CO2, 5%O2, 90%N2. Em seguida, foram armazenadas a 5ºC. A cada três dias, amostras foram valiadas quanto ao índicede escurecimento, atividade da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase, firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais e acidez titulável.O armazenamento sob vácuo parcial foi o mais eficaz no controle do escurecimento, da minimização da atividade da polifenoloxidase e da peroxidase, prevenindo alterações nos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, redução da firmeza, encharcamento da embalagem e maior acidez titulável. Os demais tratamentos apresentaram rápido desenvolvimento do escurecimento, aumento de firmeza em decorrência de ressecamento dos tubérculos, elevação nos sólidos solúveis totais e menor desenvolvimento da acidez em comparação ao tratamento sob vácuo parcial. A utilização de vácuo parcial foi a mais recomendada para a manutenção da qualidade das minibatatas. Todavia, outros tratamentos que busquem a manutenção da firmeza e frescor, sem o desenvolvimento de off-flavors e sem escurecimento, devem ser avaliados.The objective of this work was to evaluate chemical and physical characteristics of fresh-cut ‘Ágata’potatoes packed under different active modified atmospheres, during refrigerated storage. ‘Ágata’ potatoes were minimally processed as baby potatoes and packed in nylon multilayer films. The treatments applied were partial vacuum, and atmospheres with 10%CO2 , 2%O2, 88%N2 and 5%CO2, 5%O2, 90%N2. After that, they were stored at 5ºC. Every three days, tubers were evaluated for browning index, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity, firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity. Storage under partial vacuum was the best treatment to control browning and to reduce polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities as well as to prevent reduction of total soluble solids, loss of firmness, accumulation of water inside the package and higher titratable acidity. Active modified atmospheres showed faster and sharper browning development, increase of firmness due to tubers dehydration, increase in total soluble solids and lower acidity development comparing with tubers stored under partial vacuum. Storage under partial vacuum showed the best results for maintaining the quality of fresh cut baby potatoes. However, other treatments to maintain firmness freshness, without the development of off-flavors and browning, should be evaluated

Estrategia de defensa de Brasil y de América del Sur

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Estrategia de defensa de Brasil y de América del Sur

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A integração da América do Sul e a Ordem Mundial Pós-Covid 19

Texto de análise para a coluna de opinião