Diabetes Mellitus and Depression as Risk Factors for Dementia: SADEM Study

Aim: 3Evidence indicates that the comorbidity of dementia with diabetes and depression may affect most cognitive functions. Our chief interest was to examine the patterns of cognitive functioning in individuals diagnosed with dementia, diabetes, and depression as compared with dementia plus diabetes (DDM), or dementia plus depression (DD) and healthy controls

Pain and the risk for falls in community-dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish the association between pain and falls in community dwelling older adults. Data Sources: Electronic databases from inception until 1st March 2013 including Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EBSCO, EMBASE, PubMed and PsycINFO. Study Selection: Two reviewers independently conducted the searches and completed methodological assessment of all included studies. Studies were included that (a) focussed on older adults over 60 years old, (b) recorded falls over 6 or more months, (c) identified a group with and without pain. Studies were excluded that (d) included participants with dementia, a neurological condition (e.g. stroke), (e) participants whose pain was caused by a previous fall, (f) individuals with surgery/ fractures in the past 6 months. Data extraction: One author extracted all data and this was independently validated by another author. Data synthesis: 1,334 articles were screened and 21 studies met the eligibility criteria. 50.5% of older adults with pain reported one or more fall over 12 months compared to 25.7% of controls (p<0.001). A global meta-analysis with 14 studies (n=17,926) demonstrated that pain was associated with an increased odds of falling (OR: 1.56, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.36 to 1.79, I2=53%). A subgroup meta-analysis incorporating studies that monitored falls prospectively established that the odds of falling was significantly higher in those with pain (n=4,674; OR: 1.71, CI: 1.48 to 1.98, I2=0%). Foot pain was strongly associated with falls (n=691; OR: 2.38, CI: 1.62 to 3.48, I2=8%) as was chronic pain (n= 5,367; OR 1.80, CI: 1.56 to 2.09, I2=0%). Conclusion: Community dwelling older adults with pain were more likely to have fallen in the past 12 months and fall again in the future. Foot and chronic pain were particularly strong risk factors for falls and clinicians should routinely enquire about these when completing falls risk assessments

A systematic review and meta-analysis of osteoporosis and low bone mass in patients with schizophrenia: implications for physical therapy practice

status: publishe

The impact of atypical antipsychotic medications on long-term memory dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a quantitative review

This meta-analytic review examines the efficacy of antipsychotic medications in ameliorating schizophrenia-related long-term memory (LTM) impairments. Twenty-three studies were reviewed that compared schizophrenia spectrum patients treated (a) with atypical versus typical antipsychotic medications, or (b) with various atypical treatments. In 17 atypical versus typical trials aggregating 939 participants, superior overall (verbal and nonverbal) LTM was detected in patients assigned to atypical trials. However, this difference was small (effect size estimate (ES) 0.17; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.31) and specific to certain atypical treatments. Relative to typical antipsychotic trials, LTM superiority was marginally significant for risperidone trials (ES 0.20; 95% CI Ϫ0.03 to 0.44) and significant for olanzapine trials (ES 0.29; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.49). In contrast, clozapine trials did not produce a LTM advantage over typical trials (ES Ϫ0.06; 95% CI Ϫ0.35 to 0.23). Due to the lack of available studies, the effect of quetiapine was indeterminate. Direct comparison between atypical trials revealed a similar effect pattern. A marginally significant superiority in overall LTM was detected for risperidone and olanzapine compared to clozapine (ES 0.28; 95% CI Ϫ0.04 to 0.59), which reached significance for verbal LTM (ES 0.36; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.67). Finally, the beneficial impact of antipsychotic medications emerged as a function of differences in the anticholinergic properties of the treatment arms being compared

The Effect of S-Adenosylmethionine on Cognitive Performance in Mice: An Animal Model Meta-Analysis - Figure 2

<p>A) Effect size estimate: Comparison of a nutrient complete diet and folate deficient diet supplemented with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) using Hedge's g as the effect size estimate statistic. B) Funnel Plot representation of potential publication bias in the comparison of a nutrient complete diet with a folate deficient diet supplemented with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM).</p

The 2002 NIMH Provisional Diagnostic Criteria for Depression of Alzheimer's Disease (PDC-dAD): Gauging their Validity over a Decade Later.

Presented herein is evidence for criterion, content, and convergent/discriminant validity of the NIMH-Provisional Diagnostic Criteria for depression of Alzheimer's Disease (PDC-dAD) that were formulated to address depression in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using meta-analytic and systematic review methods, we examined criterion validity evidence in epidemiological and clinical studies comparing the PDC-dAD to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV), and International Classification of Disease (ICD 9) depression diagnostic criteria. We estimated prevalence of depression by PDC, DSM, and ICD with an omnibus event rate effect-size. We also examined diagnostic agreement between PDC and DSM. To gauge content validity, we reviewed rates of symptom endorsement for each diagnostic approach. Finally, we examined the PDC's relationship with assessment scales (global cognition, neuropsychiatric, and depression definition) for convergent validity evidence. The aggregate evidence supports the validity of the PDC-dAD. Our findings suggest that depression in AD differs from other depressive disorders including Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in that dAD is more prevalent, with generally a milder presentation and with unique features not captured by the DSM. Although the PDC are the current standard for diagnosis of depression in AD, we identified the need for their further optimization based on predictive validity evidence

Characteristics of mouse studies used in meta-analysis and qualitative analysis.

<p>Characteristics of mouse studies used in meta-analysis and qualitative analysis.</p

Neuroimaging insights into the link between depression and Insomnia: A systematic review

Background: Insomnia is a common symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and genome-wide association studies pointed to their strong genetic association. Although the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in MDD is noticeable and evidence supports their strong bidirectional association, the number of available neuroimaging findings on patients of MDD with insomnia symptoms is limited. However, such neuroimaging studies could verily improve our understanding of their shared pathophysiology and advance corresponding theories. Methods: Based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline, we have conducted a literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases and systematically explored 640 studies using various neuroimaging modalities in MDD patients with different degrees of insomnia symptoms. Results: Despite inconsistencies, current findings from eight studies suggested structural and functional disturbances in several brain regions including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex and insula. The aberrant functional connectivity within and between the main hubs of the salience and default mode networks could potentially yield new insights into the link between MDD and insomnia, which needs further assessment. Limitations: The number of studies reviewed herein is limited. The applied methods for assessing structural and functional neural mechanisms of insomnia and depression were variable. Conclusion: Neuroimaging methods demonstrated the overlapping underlying neural mechanisms between MDD and insomnia. Future studies may facilitate better understanding of their pathophysiology to allow development of specific treatment

Neuroimaging insights into the link between depression and Insomnia:A systematic review

Background: Insomnia is a common symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and genome-wide association studies pointed to their strong genetic association. Although the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in MDD is noticeable and evidence supports their strong bidirectional association, the number of available neuroimaging findings on patients of MDD with insomnia symptoms is limited. However, such neuroimaging studies could verily improve our understanding of their shared pathophysiology and advance corresponding theories. Methods: Based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline, we have conducted a literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases and systematically explored 640 studies using various neuroimaging modalities in MDD patients with different degrees of insomnia symptoms. Results: Despite inconsistencies, current findings from eight studies suggested structural and functional disturbances in several brain regions including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex and insula. The aberrant functional connectivity within and between the main hubs of the salience and default mode networks could potentially yield new insights into the link between MDD and insomnia, which needs further assessment. Limitations: The number of studies reviewed herein is limited. The applied methods for assessing structural and functional neural mechanisms of insomnia and depression were variable. Conclusion: Neuroimaging methods demonstrated the overlapping underlying neural mechanisms between MDD and insomnia. Future studies may facilitate better understanding of their pathophysiology to allow development of specific treatment