Panel 10 Rural Heritage Places in Turkey: Different Contexts | Diverse Issues | Distinct Responses

Rural heritage places are social, cultural, economic and natural environments shaped according to the habitat in which they are located. Thus, they are unique places where people and natural environment are in constant interaction. However, rural heritage places in Turkey, face with various problems similar to those in the world such as depopulation, changes in policies for agricultural production and excessive cultural tourism. In the panel; complex physical, social and economic structure of rural heritage places and the problems that they are faced with today will be discussed with reference to three different villages from different regions of Turkey. The selected rural heritage places for this study are Kemer in Aegean Region, Taşkale in Central Anatolia Region and Gaziköy in Thrace. These three cases are selected as the representatives of rural heritage places in Turkey with different contexts and diverse conservation issues due to their differing natural, architectural, social and economic features, values and problems. Kemer is a continuously settled village with very well-preserved physical environment which is currently under the threat of being abandoned due to decrease in economic income based on agricultural production. On the contrary, Gaziköy (Ganos) represents the villages where the rural life and production is very well preserved while physical environment is under the threat of being damaged both due to continuous use as well as strict conservation policies. Taşkale preserves its physical environment as well as its inhabitants. However, due to its spectacular natural and manmade properties, it is defined as a conservation and cultural tourism development area through the top down decisions of the central government and thus lost its rural spirit. Accordingly, the panel discussion is composed of following presentations: (i) From Understanding to Action for Conservation and Sustainability of A Rural Heritage Place: Kemer, Turkey (ii) A Multi-layered Rural Settlement Resisting to Sustain the Rural Habitat: Gaziköy, Turkey (iii) Contradictions Between Local Values and Top-down Conservation Priorities: Taşkale, Turkey In the panel, following the presentation of the theme and conceptual framework by the organisers, each case will be explained in detail. The presentations in the panel will firstly introduce the features, values and problems. Eventually, the responses for conservation and sustainability of each of these rural heritage places developed will be presented and discussed

Panel 10. Paper 10.2: Contradictions Between Local Values and Top-down Conservation Priorities: Taşkale, Turkey

Taşkale village, located on a valley, has been formed by having direct relations with nature within its own dynamics. In its historical continuum, there has always been active and continuous use of places even though functions change in time. The initial settlement starts in rock-cut spaces, then the settlement moves towards the slope of the valley in front of the rock formation. The rock formation has been used for various purposes of inhabitation, storage and worshipping since prehistoric times onwards. The church carved in the rock is still in active use today as a mosque and the rock-cut granaries are used to store agricultural products. The surrounding landscape is also actively used by the inhabitants for agriculture and husbandry purposes. In addition to the active use of the landscape, there are strong intangible relations by inhabitants with nature and their living environment. This is mainly because ongoing life is dependent on nature both for economic and socio-cultural activities. To conclude, Taşkale Village embraces multiple historical, cultural, socio-economic and spiritual values. However, after the recognition of these multiple local heritage values, conservation site decisions are designated by the central government. Even though these decisions are given for the sake of conservation, the regulations prevent the daily use of these places and abide the conservation actions into set of rules that are contradicting with the ongoing local lifecycle. Besides, state visions about development and economic-benefit oriented tourism policies affect the physical and also socio-economic structure of the village. In the end, contradictions occur between the local values and top-down conservation and development priorities. Due to these contradictions, the inhabitants, who are the active users and guardians of their living environment start to abandon these places, mainly because they cannot continue their daily life activities. Consequently, these places are degraded and lost in time. Within the content of this paper, contradictory values and priorities between locals and decision makers that affect the future of the rural landscapes will be open to discussion deriving from the experiences learnt from the case of Taşkale Village

The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: a replication and extension of Inglesi-Lotz (2016)

This study replicates and extends the results presented in a top-cited article in this journal, Inglesi-Lotz (2016), which analyzes the impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth for the OECD countries by applying the ordinary least squares with fixed effect estimator on the data from 1990 to 2010. By using the same data and methods, this study first produces and compare empirical results with those reported in the original article. Then, it applies a set of new econometric methods on the same data to address heterogeneity in renewable energy and economic growth across the analyzed group of countries. The panel quantile regression estimation shows that the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is positive for lower and low-middle quantiles; however, its effect becomes negative for middle, high-middle, and higher quantiles when renewable energy consumption is proxied by the absolute value. Furthermore, a negative impact of renewable energy on economic growth is observed in almost all quantiles when it is proxied by the share of renewable energy consumption to total energy consumption. These results greatly differ from those of the original studypublishe

The gender roles attitudes of medicals students: A cross-sectional study

Objective: Gender roles; refers to the roles traditionally associated with women and men. In studies conducted to determine the attitudes of university students towards gender roles in our country, it has been shown in different studies that male students have a more traditional view of gender roles than female students. In this study, it was aimed to determine the attitudes of university students studying gender roles and to investigate the effect of medical education on these attitudes. Method:This study is cross-sectional and conducted with the first and sixth year students who are studying medicine at Eskisehir Osmangazi University (ESOGÜ) Faculty of Medicine. Sociodemographic form and Gender Roles Attitude Scale (TCRSS) were applied to participants. Results: There was a significant difference between the first and sixth grades in terms of total TCRSS score and subscale scores (p> 0.05). There was no difference between the first and sixth grades (p> 0.05) in terms of averages of the scale scores for males (p> 0.05) when the scores of the groups were compared with the scores of the TCRSS and subscales after the participants had separated by sex. In the females, 6th-grade students had significantly higher traditional gender subscale scores (p = 0.033). Discussion: This study is, to our knowledge, the first study in the literature investigating attitudes towards gender roles in medical students in our country. In terms of content, it is recommended that medical education be organized to provide a transformative contribution to the attitudes of students towards gender roles

Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomilerinde Finansal Gelişme ile İnsani Gelişme Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Vector Autoregression Yaklaşımı

DergiPark: 868141trakyasobedBu çalışmanın amacı en iyi 10 yükselen piyasa ekonomisinde finansal gelişmişliğin insani gelişim üzerindeki etkisini panel vector autoregression (PVAR) yaklaşımı kullanarak 1990-2018 dönemi için ele almaktır. Bu amaçla özel sektöre sağlanan krediler ve M2 para arzı temel finansal gelişim göstergeleri olarak benimsenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar özel sektöre sağlanan kredilerin GSYH içindeki payında meydana gelen bir birimlik artışın insani gelişmişliği yaklaşık yüzde 0,2 artırdığı görülürken, M2 para arzındaki bir artışın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Ayrıca nedensellik testi sonuçlarından insani gelişme ile finansal gelişme arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığı tespit edilirken, M2 para arzı ile insani gelişim arasında nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanmamıştır

Optimal Controller Design for Speed Governors of Hydroelectric Power Plant

Speed governors have critical importance on hydroelectric power plants, which are adjusted to the rotating speed of hydroelectric generation based on load demand of the grid. The rotating speed is the main factor to balance power generation and load demand. The well-designed controller is needed to control speed governors with high accuracy. A well-defined model is needed to obtain desired control structure. Therefore, in this study, initially, the mathematical model of a hydroelectric power plant is obtained by using physical characteristics of a real-world. Then by using this model and corresponding real-world data, a set of controller parameters is designed by using tuning methodologies based on heuristic optimization algorithms, and their performances are compared with each other and with a classical tuning methodology. Evolutionary-based and nature-inspired-based heuristic optimization algorithms are selected as the tuning algorithms not only to compare the performance of these algorithms with a classical method but also with different origins. The performance of the optimized controller improves the performance of the overall system and helps to get desired performance. The results also indicate that as long as the desired performance criteria are defined as accurate as possible, the performance of the optimization algorithms is acceptable

Panel 10. Paper 10.3: A Multi-layered Rural Settlement Resisting to Sustain the Rural Habitat: Gaziköy, Turkey

The most important features of rural settlements are the fertile agricultural lands satisfying needs of people, the connections with the regional transportation network and proximity to natural resources such as water and fresh air. These features are important for the continuation of rural life and Gazikoy, which is known as Ganos in ancient period, has always been a rural settlement since antiquity because of them. Throughout time, Gaziköy (Ganos) in Thrace was inhabited by different cultures. The inhabitation in the village continued all through the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. The Gaziköy (Ganos) which had a Rum (Ottoman-Greek) population in Ottoman period was subject to population exchange at the beginning of Turkish Republic; as a result of which the Turks living in Greece and Bulgaria were replaced with the Greeks living in Anatolia with the agreement between Turkey and Greece. Despite the change of population in early republican period, the rural life has always continued in Gaziköy, due to the fact that the land is very fertile. However, as there are archaeological remains in the area as a result of continuous inhabitancy, there are restrictions for new interventions. Villagers who deal with agricultural activities are not allowed to make any interventions to adapt the traditional houses and infrastructure. As a result of the lack of maintenance and repair, traditional buildings are being damaged in Gaziköy day by day. Although this situation forces the villagers to leave the village, the villagers resist to stay in the area due to continuity of agricultural activities. The problem of conservation in Gaziköy (Ganos) is to protect all layers of the multi-layered rural landscape while providing the continuity of the rural life. The responses provided to solve these problems focus on the preservation of both of archaeological remains and traditional buildings dating back to late 19th century, the continuation of rural life and agricultural production contrary to strict conservation policies emphasising only the preservation archaeological layer

Panel 10. Paper 10.1: From Understanding to Action for Conservation and Sustainability of a Rural Heritage Place: Kemer, Turkey

Kemer Village, a historic rural settlement situated in western Anatolia, is a very good representative of rural heritage places of this geography. Well-preserved buildings and settlement tissue of the village, provide invaluable information about spatial and architectural features, construction materials and techniques common to this geography. However, upper scale agricultural production and settlement policies, as well as changing ways of living in time, lead to depopulation, discard, alteration and even destruction of Kemer Village. Besides the physical aspects, its intangible aspects, like local living traditions, beliefs, rituals and indigenous knowledge, are also under the risk of disappearing. Although the population of the village decreased significantly in time, there are still inhabitants and local masons living in the village. Thus, it becomes possible to understand the factors, processes and dynamics of change in this rural settlement, so as to be able to define policies, strategies and actions for the conservation and sustainability. Although the common tendency to provide an economic development to prevent depopulation of the rural historic areas is to bring touristic activities, this decision disturbs the integrity of social and physical environment. In Kemer Village this tendency has not been initiated yet. Therefore, Kemer Village is on the border of being abandoned or being a touristic destination. This presentation explains the rural architectural and settlement features of the historical village of Kemer Village, together with indigenous knowledge on living and building traditions, resources and processes. It also discusses the factors, processes and dynamics affecting Kemer Village as an historic rural settlement, and consequently, proposes principles, policies, strategies and actions for the conservation and sustainability of rural heritage place by including all the decision makers, inhabitants and experts to the shared decision-making process

NEURO-PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CROCIN ON BRAIN AND CEREBELLUM TISSUES IN DIABETIC RATS

Background: Increase in free oxygen radicals and the disruption of defense system make the neurons and astrocytes more sensitive against oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into three groups containing 10, rats in each group namely: control (C) group, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) group, and Diabetes Mellitus + crocin (DM+crocin) group. Tissue samples were processed by routine histological and biochemical procedures. The sections were stained with Hematoxylen-eosin. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), blood glucose, HbA1c levels and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities were assayed. Results: The histological appearence of the cerebrum and cerebellum were normal in the control group. DM group showed some histopathological changes including congestion, perivascular and perineuronal edema in cerebrum. In DM + crocin group, histopathological changes in cerebrum and cerebellum markedly reduced. MDA level and XO activities increased significantly in DM group (

THE EFFECT OF SAFFRON (ITS ACTIVE CONSTITUENT, CROCIN) ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATION AND DYSLIPIDEMIA IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes serious complications such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly divided into three groups each containing 10 rats; control group, DM group; DM+crocin group. Normal saline was administered in the control and DM groups, and crocin was administered in DM+crocin group at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw/day for 21 days. Trunk blood and the hearth tissue were collected for histopathological and biochemical examination. Results: DM led to increment of MDA levels (