ENSO and SAM Influence on the Generation of Long Episodes of Rossby Wave Packets During Southern Hemisphere Summer

This study assesses the impact of low-frequency climate modes on Rossby Wave Packets (RWPs) during southern hemisphere summer. In particular, we focus on long-lived RWPs (lifespan above 8 days) and determine how El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) influence their statistics, that is, their duration, frequency of occurrence, and activity areas. We used daily mean meridional winds at 300 hPa from December to March between 1979 and 2020 from the ERA5 and NCEP-DOE 2 reanalyses. We found that long-lived wave packets, which are a small percentage of the total number of wave packets, show large interannual variability; there are years in which these types of waves do not occur and years that present up to 9 wave packets. This suggests that large-scale circulation conditions set up by low-frequency climate modes can modulate their occurrence. Classifying years according to SAM phases reveals that the occurrence of long-lived RWPs is highest (lowest) during intense negative (positive) SAM events. ENSO influence, on the other hand, was found to be weak and not robust. Analysis of large scale circulation conditions shows that during negative SAM phases the jet shifts northward, strengthens in the Indian sector, and extends further into the Pacific basin, so that it acts as a better waveguide favoring the propagation of long-lived RWPs. Conversely, during positive phases of SAM, the jet shifts southward and an anticyclonic center develops to the southwest of Australia blocking the jet and the progression of the wave packets.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813844 (ITN CAFÉ). C.M acknowledges partial support from Span-ish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PGC2018-099442-B-I00) and from ICREA ACADEMIA program of Generalitat de Catalunya.Postprint (published version

Twitter como herramienta de comunicación científica en España. Principales agentes y redes de comunicación.

El estudio de los principales agentes, redes de comunicación y flujos de información en Twitter es un objeto de investigación emergente.Se ha aplicado en ámbitos como la comunicación política, el deporte o el turismo, pero no a la comunicación de la ciencia. El presente trabajo está enfocado a detectar y medir a los principales agentes y redes de comunicación de la ciencia en Twitter a través de la Teoría de Redes. Se identifican los 109 usuarios personales e institucionales que están ejerciendo de influencers de la ciencia en España. Esta red se presenta como una comunidad estable y compacta. Los perfiles más productivos son los personales, lo que indica que la actividad en Twitter dependemás de un interés y un compromiso individual que de disponer de un equipo de comunicación. Se detecta un uso de Twitter no tanto centrado en la difusión de contenidos y opiniones sobre ciencia, sino en la promociónde productos y eventos de divulgación. Un análisis restringido de los hashtags ha permitido comprobar la fuerte vinculación de los tuits con la actualidad científica nacional e internacional. También se evidencia el especial interés que suscita Atapuerca en las conversaciones sobre ciencia en Twitter en Españ

Inmovilización del Miembro Inferior con Férulas de Vacío en las Urgencias extra hospitalarias

Every day the practice of hospital emergency and urgent care, we can find extreme life-threatening situations, situations in which the training of health personnel and the skills and knowledge on use of rescue material, will determine the evolution of injuries. It is therefore our aim is to provide more information than is currently known about the technique of fixation or immobilization of fractures. The treatment of these, in most cases, will depend on the characteristics of the injury although facts that are common to all the circumstances is the initial care and management, namely, immobilization and stabilization of the lesions with the appropriate material and in order to reduce risk of alteration in other anatomical structures as a result of the fracture. This, we can achieve with the use of vacuum immobilizers or vacuum cast.En la práctica diaria de las emergencias extrahospitalarias y atención urgente, nos podemos encontrar con situaciones de riesgo vital extremo, situaciones en las cuales la formación del personal sanitario así como las destrezas y conocimientos sobre utilización del material de rescate, van a determinar la evolución de las lesiones. Es por tanto nuestro objetivo, aportar mayor información de la que se conoce actualmente, sobre la técnica de fijación o inmovilización de fracturas. El tratamiento de estas, en la mayoría de los casos, va a depender de las características de la lesión aunque un factor común a todas las circunstancias es la atención y manejo inicial, es decir, la inmovilización y estabilización de las lesiones con el material adecuado y con el objetivo de disminuir riesgos de alteración en otras estructuras anatómicas como consecuencia de la fractura. Esto, lo podemos conseguir con la utilización de inmovilizadores con vacío

Analysis of the State and Development of Road Safety Education in Spanish Higher Education Institutions

Traffic crashes are considered one of the major public health concerns, considering that this phenomenon explains a high number of deaths and injuries every year, and around all the world in different groups of population. The road safety education, (or traffic safety education), regarding the complexity of this process, and that it takes place during the complete process of life of individuals, is considered as a key determinant of road safety behaviors and a relatively lower road risk, essentially for road users with more and diverse high risk factors which may explain the occurrence of road accidents, such as young adults. The general objective of this study was to describe the associated factors to the Road Safety Education in the higher education institutions (universities) of Spain, and its relationship with road safety factors among young adults currently coursing a career in this kind of centers. Throughout this study, it was also assessed a set of indicators related with road safety education 'outputs', such as attitudes towards road safety, knowledge of traffic law and signals, risk perception and risky behaviors on the road. This cross-sectional study used a total sample of n=843 (357 (42.3%) men, and 486 (57.7%) women) university students, who answered a questionnaire designed to collect data about their psychosocial characteristics, factors associated with road safety education at Spanish higher education institutions and, finally, their attitudes, perceptions and self-reported behaviors as road users. Besides finding a very low participation of Spanish universities in road safety education, and of its students in these activities or programs, significant measures of association between individual factors and the employed road safety education indicators were found. Gender comparisons show substantial differences on road safety education indicators between men and women, being, in all cases, more adverse results corresponding to the male gender. Finally, it was built a multiple linear regression model, that allowed to establish the statistical influence of the road safety education on risky behaviors on the road of Spanish university students. This study shows that it is necessary to develop strategies to increase the presence of actions related to road safety education within universities, to improve the coverage and quality of the learning process of this subject among higher education students, and to include universities in the development of a multi-sectorial road safety education strategy

Determinants and Stakeholders Influencing Children's Road Safety Education

Road safety education is, widely, the best base and the greatest assurance of the future in terms of road safety prevention and promotion. Nowadays, RSE constitutes one of the main growing concerns in terms of complimentary education in many countries, taking into account, among other factors, the high rates of accidents that affect the health and welfare of childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, it is a necessity for the community health to create, train, encourage and lead positives attitudes for good road safety education. The general objective of this study was to describe the factors and stakeholders that have influence on the learning of road safety education and safe behaviors of children as road users. The results are very interesting. For example, when to parents have been asked about road safety education of their children, factors such as the parents influence and school environment have been considered as positive factors or stakeholders that influence on the road safety education of the children. Regarding children's opinion, most of the children consider that the drivers do not respect the rules never or sometimes, but only 5% of them believe that their parents do not respect the normative. However, a third part of the children reports signs of road aggression among their parents. Furthermore, 13% of the children do not feel safe when walks by their cities. This study shows the vital importance of the road safety education and key stakeholders, such as parents and the scholar system, to promote safe attitudes, behaviors and outcomes in terms of road safety. Also, the observed behaviors and circumstances related with road behavior of parents have an important influence on children's road safety education, that is crucial issue that must be addressed from different perspectives, due to high accident rates registered by children, who are a key population group to direct interventions in this regard, aiming to increase the effectiveness of interventions for welfare and health improvement, based on the child education

Effect of road safety education on road risky behaviors of Spanish children and adolescents: findings from a national study

Background: Road Safety Education (RSE) is widely known as a reliable determinant of the future results for what concerns health and welfare and as an undisputable factor which contributes to the social behavior of individuals and to their mid- and long-term road safety outcomes. However, its development has been relatively scarce in most countries, a fact which has contributed to letting matters as delicate as traffic crashes, largely explained by road misbehaviors, continue to be a prevalent problem, thus affecting the health of the community. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between demographic and RSE-related variables and the self-reported road risky behavior of Spanish students. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, a representative sample of 4062 (51.5% males and 48.5% females) participants attending primary (47.5%), secondary (40.7%), and high school (11.7%) was gathered through a national survey on RSE and road behaviors. Results: A set of significant associations between demographic factors, RSE variables, and self-reported road behaviors was found. Furthermore, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) allowed us to establish that age and observed misbehaviors (positively), and attitudes towards road safety and risk perception (negatively), have a direct link with the road risky behavior of children and young people. The knowledge of traffic rules was not a significant predictor of road behavior. Conclusions: The results of this study show that, together with demographic factors such as age, RSE-related variables have an effect on the road behavior of children and young people. They also suggest the need for strengthening actions to be implemented in road safety (Road Safety Education) at scholar and community level

Optimized automatic system to obtain ultrasonic radiation patterns

Due to the need to know and modify the radiation pattern of the ultrasonic sensors, to suit them to a particular application, in this paper is presented an automated measure system to obtain the radiation pattern for ultrasonic sensors in air. The system allows to obtain the radiation pattern in different conditions, for example for checking the characteristics of the ultrasonic sensors provided by the manufacturer, or for obtaining the modifications in the radiation pattern when a mechanical element is coupled to the ultrasonic sensor. In addition, the system has been improved by shortening the measurement time and decreasing the volume of data needed to carry out a measure. Furthermore, due to the fact of implementing the system inside a climatic chamber, the system allows to analyze the influence of environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, plus an evaluation of the degradation behaviour of the ultrasonic sensors in air under conditions of high temperature and humidity. At the end of the paper, two measurements have been done and the results have been compared with the characteristics of the radiation pattern provided by the manufacturer. Finally, a robust measurement system is presented, designed to find the modifications in the radiation pattern of an ultrasonic sensor when it is coupled to a mechanical element

Permeation Protection by Waterproofing Mucosal Membranes

The permeability of the oral or nasal mucosa is higher than that of the skin. Mucosa permeability depends mainly on the thickness and keratinization degree of the tissues. Their permeability barrier is conditioned by the presence of certain lipids. This work has the main aim of reinforcing the barrier effect of oral mucosa with a series of formulations to reduce permeation. Transmembrane water loss of different formulations was evaluated, and three of them were selected to be tested on the sublingual mucosa permeation of drugs. Caffeine, ibuprofen, dexamethasone, and ivermectin were applied on porcine skin, mucosa, and modified mucosa in order to compare the effectiveness of the formulations. A similar permeation profile was obtained in the different membranes: caffeine > ibuprofen~dexamethasone > ivermectin. The most efficient formulation was a liposomal formulation composed of lipids that are present in the skin stratum corneum. Impermeability provided by this formulation was notable mainly for the low-molecular-weight compounds, decreasing their permeability coefficient by between 40 and 80%. The reinforcement of the barrier function of mucosa provides a reduction or prevention of the permeation of different actives, which could be extrapolated to toxic compounds such as viruses, contaminants, toxins, etc.Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas “Modificación de la mucosa como protección frente al SARS-CoV-2” (CSIC-COV19-130

Influência de fatores psicossociais em adolescentes que sofrem de Diabetes Mellitus tipo I

Durante la adolescencia se presentan multitud de factores psicosociales que pueden alterar el proceso de desarrollo hacia la edad adulta. En adolescentes que además padecen Diabetes Mellitus tipo I, este desarrollo se complica muchísimo más, provocando afectación al mantenimiento adecuado de esta enfermedad crónica. Objetivo: Conocer la influencia de los factores psicosociales sobre el control de la Diabetes Mellitus en la adolescencia. Metodología: Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL, Scielo, CUIDEN, Índice Médico Español, Dialnet, además de Google Académico y otras web de organizaciones especializadas, seleccionando los artículos de investigación de los últimos 10 años como criterio de inclusión principal. Resultados-Discusión: Como resultados encontramos como resultados ocho factores principales que influyen en el control de la Diabetes en adolescentes, que son la familia, los amigos, la ansiedad y la depresión, la dieta y alimentación, el estrés, el autoestima, el desarrollo cognitivo y la cultura y religiosidad. Conclusión: Obtenemos que se deben tener en cuenta, no sólo los factores físicos y biológicos, sino todos los aspectos psicológicos y sociales que también rodean al adolescente. El enfermero debe tener presentes estos factores al tratar con adolescentes, ya que pueden ser éstos los causantes de su desajuste de glucosa en sangre, por lo que siempre es necesario valorar al paciente desde un punto de vista holístico e intervenir en consonancia.During adolescence many psychosocial factors that can alter the development process to adulthood are presented. In addition adolescents with diabetes mellitus type I, this development is far more complicated, causing impairment of the proper maintenance of this chronic disease. Objective: To know the influence of psychosocial factors on the control of Diabetes Mellitus in adolescence. Methodology: One literature review was performed on PubMed, CINAHL, Scielo, CUIDEN, Spanish Medical Index, Dialnet, in addition to Google Scholar data and other specialized organizations website, selecting research articles of the last 10 years as the primary inclusion. Results-Discussion: As results are eight main factors that influence the control of diabetes in adolescents, they are family, friends, anxiety and depression, diet and nutrition, stress, self-esteem, cognitive development and culture and religion. Conclusion: Must be taken into account not only the physical and biological factors, but all the psychological and social aspects that also surround the teenager. Nurses should be aware of these factors when dealing with adolescents, since they can be the cause of your imbalance of blood glucose, so it is always necessary to assess the patient from a holistic point of view and to act accordingly.Durante a adolescência muitos fatores psicossociais que podem alterar o processo de desenvolvimento até a idade adulta são apresentados. Em adição adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo I, este desenvolvimento é muito mais complicado, causando comprometimento da manutenção adequada dessa doença crônica. Objetivos: Conhecer a influência de fatores psicossociais no controle do Diabetes Mellitus na adolescência. Metodologia: Uma revisão da literatura foi realizada no PubMed, CINAHL, Scielo, CUIDEN, Índice de Medicina espanhol, Dialnet, além de dados do Google Acadêmico e outras organizações especializadas website, selecionando artigos dos últimos 10 anos de investigação como a inclusão primário. Resultados-Discussão: Como resultados são oito principais fatores que influenciam o controle do diabetes em adolescentes, eles são família, amigos, ansiedade e depressão, dieta e nutrição, stress, auto-estima, o desenvolvimento cognitivo e cultura e religião. Conclusão: Em conclusão obtemos que deve ser levado em conta não apenas os fatores físicos e biológicos, mas todos os aspectos psicológicos e sociais que também envolvem o adolescente. Enfermeiros devem estar cientes desses fatores quando se trata de adolescentes, uma vez que podem ser a causa de seu desequilíbrio de glicose no sangue, por isso é sempre necessário avaliar o paciente de um ponto de vista holístico e agir em conformidade

La influencia de un hermano con autismo sobre la calidad de vida familiar

El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer y valorar las percepciones y opiniones de los hermanos de niños con autismo ante la convivencia familiar y fraternal, utilizando para ello el modelo de calidad de vida familiar. Salud y seguridad, interacción familiar, rol parental, recursos familiares y apoyo a la personas con discapacidad componen los ámbitos que se analizan por medio de indicadores de importancia y grado de satisfacción, cuantificados por una escala del 1 al 5. El informe no detecta ninguna puntuación que indique insatisfacción en la convivencia familiar y, respecto a relación fraterna –que se valora cualitativamente–, destacan las limitaciones que tienen a la hora de compartir actividades y juegos, tener que estar continuamente pendientes de sus hermanos o el hecho de que necesiten más información sobre el autismo. Por último, cabe destacar que la mayoría de ellos se sienten satisfechos, siendo los aspectos que más valoran en sus vidas –por este orden– la familia, los amigos y los estudios