Características químicas y fermentativas in vitro de dietas para becerros con inclusiones crecientes de vaina y hojas de Moringa oleifera

Legume leaves and pods are an alternative feed for ruminants in the tropics. The goal of this study was to determine the chemical quality and in vitro fermentative characteristics of Moringa oleifera pods and leaves, with inclusions of 0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 % in a complete diet for calves of 200 kg live weight. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cumulative gas and methane production, DM degradation (DMD) and NDF (NDFD) were determined from the leaves, pods and diets. The variables were analyzed using a completely randomized design (10 replicates). The leaf quantified 229.4, 465.8 and 204.0 g/kg DM, NDF and CP. As well as 662.3 and 688.9 g/kg DM of DMD and NDFD (P < 0.05). The diet with 10% M. oleifera leaf presented 824.9 and 725.5 g/kg DM of DMD and NDFD; as well as 167 and 58 ml/g DM of gas and methane. In conclusion, M. oleifera leaf shows better chemical and fermentative characteristics in vitro and up to 30% M. oleifera leaf can be included in whole-calf diets for calves of 200 kg live weight.Las hojas y las vainas de las leguminosas son una alternativa de alimentación de rumiantes en el trópico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las características químicas y fermentativas in vitro de vaina y hoja de Moringa oleifera, con inclusiones de 0 %, 10 %, 20 % y 30 % en una dieta integral para becerros de 200 kg de peso vivo. A las hojas, las vainas y las dietas se les determinó materia seca (ms), proteína cruda (pc), fibra detergente (fdn), producción acumulada de gas y metano, degradación de ms (dmd) y fdn (dfdn). El análisis de las variables fue mediante un diseño completamente al azar (10 repeticiones) y la hoja cuantificó 229,4, 465,8 y 204,0 g/kg ms de ms, fdn y pc, respectivamente. Así como, 662,3 y 688,9 g/kg de ms de dms y dfdn (P < 0,05). La dieta con 10 % de hoja de M. oleifera presentó 824,9 y 725,5 g/kg de ms de dmd y dfdn, así como 167 y 58 ml/g ms de gas y metano. En conclusión, la hoja de M. oleifera muestra mejores características químicas y fermentativas in vitro y se puede incluir hasta 30 % de hoja de M. oleifera en dietas integrales para becerros de 200 kg de peso vivo

Efecto de Xoconostle (Opuntia matudae Scheinvar) sobre la concentración de metano y las variables ruminales durante una fermentación in vitro de rastrojo de maíz

The effect of the addition of xoconostle on in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn stover was determined in order to reduce methane emission. Previous studies have shown that xoconostle contains bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial activity that enhance ruminal fermentation. Zero point zero percent, 2.0 %, 4.0 % and 6.0 % of xoconostle were added. The following were determined: chemical composition of the substrates, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, in vitro disappearance of dry matter (IVDDM), the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and the kinetic variables of gas production. The volume of methane was measured using the technique of capturing carbon dioxide in sodium hydroxide solution. The content of protein, ether extract, total phenols and antioxidant activity significantly increased (P<0.05) with the addition of xoconostle. The IVDDM also increased with the addition of xoconostle. Regarding the production of propionic acid, it increased significantly (P<0.05) with 6.0 % of xoconostle. The kinetic parameters obtained by the best fit of the experimental data showed a higher digestion rate and lower methane production with the addition of 4.0 and 6.0 % of xoconostle. The use of xoconostle as an additive in ruminant diets decreases methane production in vitro so it can be an alternative to mitigate the increase in the greenhouse effect and benefit the cultivation of a commercially not very appreciated fruit.Se determinó el efecto de la adición de xoconostle en la fermentación ruminal in vitro de rastrojo de maíz con objeto de reducir la emisión de metano. Estudios previos han demostrado que el xoconostle contiene compuestos bioactivos con actividad antimicrobiana potencial que mejoran la fermentación ruminal. Se adicionaron el 0.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% y 6.0% de xoconostle. Se determinó la composición química de los sustratos, compuestos fenólicos, capacidad antioxidante, desaparición in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), la producción de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV) y las variables de cinética de producción de gas. El volumen de metano se midió utilizando la técnica de captura de bióxido de carbono en solución de hidróxido de sodio. Con la adición del xoconostle se incrementó significativamente (P<0.05) el contenido de proteína, extracto etéreo, fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante. La DIVMS también se incrementó con la adición del xoconostle. Respecto a la producción de ácido propiónico, ésta se incrementó significativamente (P<0.05) con el 6.0 % de xoconostle. Los parámetros cinéticos obtenidos mediante el mejor ajuste de los datos experimentales mostraron una mayor tasa de digestión y menor producción de metano con la adición del 4.0 y 6.0 % de xoconostle. El uso de xoconostle como aditivo en dietas para rumiantes disminuye la producción de metano in vitro por lo que puede ser una alternativa para mitigar el incremento del efecto invernadero y beneficiar el cultivo de un fruto comercialmente no muy apreciado.

Effect of an Exogenous Phytase on Growth Performance in Growing Holstein Calves

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the productive performance, apparent digestibility of DM, serum phosphorus and phosphorus balance in Holstein calves which received a high concentrate diet with different doses of exogenous phytase for a period of 60d. The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design with three treatments of eight calves each, the treatment included dietary supplementation of exogenous phytase at 0, 12 and 24 g/ton. Phytase inclusion increased (P0.05) on DM intake, feed conversion and DM digestibility. Adding phytase in the diet decreased phosphorus excretion in faeces (P<0.05) showing a significant linear increase with increasing level of supplementation (the values being 9.96, 9.14 and 8.13 g/d) which, in turn, increased the P retention (4.69, 5.37 and 6.45 g/d, resectively, for the three groups). In conclusion, supplementation of phytase could improve the growth performance of calves without any discernible effects on feed intake or digestibility of nutrients

Characterization of fruit and vegetable waste as an alternative ruminant feed in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico

Objective: to characterize and measure the amount of fruit residues generated during four weeks in a commercial establishment dedicated to the elaboration and sale of fruit juices and cocktails in Pachuca City, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approximation: The total of fruit residues generated in a working day (one day) in an establishment dedicated to the sale of juices and smoothies in the city of Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, Mexico was collected from Monday to Saturday during four weeks in September and October 2019. The residues were daily weighed and separated according to the type of fruit and analyzed for dry matter, crude protein and ash. The design was completely random. Results: the orange peel predominated, and the volume of residues was constant accumulating 465 kg during the four weeks. The moisture content was from 75 to 94%, depending on the type of fruit. The CP concentration was from 4.33 to 6.95% except for the papaya peel (11.55% CP) Limitations/Implications: An alternative to avoid landfill deposition of this wastes is to subject it to a silage process and thus reduce negative impacts on the environment, generate valuable products and reduce pressure on natural resources. Findings/Conclusions: The amount of fruit and vegetable wastes is constant throughout the week, its proportion of dry matter is low, but it can be combined with cereal straw and ensiled to generate valuable products and avoid its deposition in landfills.Objective: Measure and characterize the fruit and vegetable waste generated duringa working day in a commercial juice and fruit cocktail establishment in Pachuca,Hidalgo, Mexico, for four weeks.Design/ methodology/ approach: The total amount of fruit waste generated duringa working day in a commercial juice and smoothie establishment in Pachuca,Hidalgo, Mexico, was collected Monday through Saturday for four weeks inSeptember and October 2019. Waste was weighted and separated daily into thedifferent types of fruit. We then analyzed their dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP),and ash (Ash) content. The experimental design was completely randomized.Results: The amount of fruit and vegetable waste was constant during the fourcollection weeks; the total amount of waste collected was 465 kg; orange peel wasthe most abundant waste (75%). The moisture content ranged from 75 to 94% basedon the type of fruit. The CP concentration ranged from 4.33 to 6.95%, except for thepapaya peel, which had a CP content of 11.55%.Limitations/ implications: An alternative to avoid landfilling this type of organicwaste is to subject it to a silage-making process; this would reduce negative 2environmental impacts, generate value-added products, and reduce the pressure onnatural resources.Findings/ conclusions: The amount of fruit and vegetable waste produced everyweek was constant for four weeks. Although their dry matter content is low, thesewastes, mixed with cereal straw and subjected to a silage-making process, can resultin value-added products, and avoid landfilling

Degradación in vitro de la pared celular, variables ruminales y actividad enzimática de miroorganismos adheridos a sólidos del complejo Lolium-Festuca.

En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del complejo Lolium-Festuca (CL-F), cosechado a 28 (T1) y 35 d (T2) de rebrote, en la desaparición in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), cinética de producción de gas (CPG), y en la actividad de carboximetilcelulasas (CMCasas) y de xilanasas de microorganismos adheridos a sólidos a las 12, 16, 24, y 48 h de incubación. La degradación del tejido foliar a las 12, 24, y 48 h de incubación se documentó mediante Microscopía de Electrónica de Barrido (MEB); la lignina se detectó con la reacción floroglucinol-HCl. El modelo logístico y el procedimiento NLIN se usaron para obtener los datos de CPG. El diseño experimental fue de parcelas divididas en bloques aleatorizados, los datos se analizaron con el procedimiento MIXED (SAS). La DIVMS y PG fueron mayores (p≤0.05) en T2, la actividad enzimática no cambió (p>0.05) entre tratamientos, pero la actividad de CMCasas fue máxima (p≤0.05) a las 12 y 16 h de incubación y la de xilanasas (p≤0.05) a las 16 y 24 h. La MEB mostró la adherencia inicial de los microorganismos ruminales en las paredes primarias (no lignificadas) y su degradación; además MEB mostró la adherencia a las paredes lignificadas con degradación completa de las paredes primarias y de la estructura celular. Se concluye que el CL-F cosechado a 28 o 35 d afecta la DIVMS y la PG sin modificar la actividad de CMCasas y de xilanasas. _______________ IN VITRO DEGRADATION OF CELL WALL, RUMINAL VARIABLES, AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS ATTACHED TO SOLIDS OF THE LOLIUM-FESTUCA COMPLEX. ABSTRACT: The effect of the Lolium-Festuca (CL-F) complex, harvested at 28 (T1) and 35 d (T2), on the in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD), kinetics of gas production, as well as on the activity of carboxymethylcellulases (CMCases) and xylanases of microorganisms attached to solids at 12, 16, 24, y 48 of incubation, was evaluated in this study. The degradation of foliar tissue at 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation was shown using Scanning Electrons Microscopy (SEM); the lignin was detected with the reaction phloroglucinol-HCl. The logistic model and the NLIN procedure were used to analyze the data of gas production kinetics. The experimental design was randomized blocks with a split-plot arrangement, and the data were analyzed with MIXED procedure (SAS). The IVDMD and gas production were higher (p≤0.05) in T2. The enzymatic activities remained unchanged among treatments; however, the higher activity (p≤0.05) was found at 12 and 16 h of incubation for CMCases and at 16 and 24 h for xylanases. SEM showed the initial adherence of ruminal microorganisms on primary cell walls (non-lignified) and their degradation; besides, SEM showed the adherence to lignified walls with a complete degradation of primary walls and that of the cell structure. It is concluded that the CL-F, harvested at 28 and 35 d, changed IVDMD and gas production; however, there was no effect on the activities of CMCases and of xylanases.Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias, especialista en Ganadería).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2011.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología (COMECYT)

Análisis bromatológico y producción de gas in vitro de forrajes utilizados en el trópico seco mexicano

La calidad de los pastos tropicales se relaciona con su uso en la producción de rumiantes, ya que estos basan su alimentación en su consumo. El objetivo fue determinar el análisis bromatológico, producción de gas in vitro y características fermentativas de nueve pastos utilizados en la alimentación de rumiantes en el trópico seco mexicano. Los pastos fueron bermuda, mulato, insurgente, estrella, bramilla, llanero, mombaza, pará y pangola a 56 d de rebrote. En los pastos se determinó proteína bruta (PB), cenizas (Ce), fibra neutro detergente (FND), fibra ácido detergente (FAD), cinética de fermentación, producción de gases, ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV), conteo de bacterias totales, degradaciones de materia seca (DEGMS), fibra neutro detergente (DEGFND) y fibra ácida detergente (DEGFAD). La PB fue mayor en mombaza y pará. La FND fue menor en llanero, mombaza, mulato y pangola. La Ce fue menor en estrella y llanero (P 0,05). La producción de metano (CH4) fue mayor en bramilla, llanero, mombaza y pangola a las 24 h, bermuda mayor a las 48 h y estrella, insurgente y pangola a las 72 h (P 0,05). Se concluye, el pasto mombaza obtuvo las mejores características bromatológicas, las mejores producciones de gas total, donde el metano representó 40,3 % y las mayores degradaciones de las fibras detergentes neutra y ácida

Contribución al bienestar animal en la crianza de becerras de reemplazo: alojamiento en pareja

To evaluate the productive and behavioral response of pair-housed nursing Holstein calves, 30 calves from one week of age until weaning (8 weeks of age) were used and randomly distributed in two treatments: treatment 1 pair-housed calf (T1, n=10); treatment 2 single-housed calves (T2, n=10). No significant difference (p>0.05) was found between treatments in initial weight (IP, T1=38.18 vs. T2=39.58, evidencing homogeneous groups) and total dry matter consumption (CTMS, T1=56.84 vs. T2=56.85, kg). However, calves housed in pairs (T1) showed significantly better results in final weight (T1=75.28 vs. T2=65.74, kg), total weight gain GTP, T1=37.10 vs. T2=26. 16, kg), daily weight gain (GDP, T1=0.66 vs. T2=0.46, kg) and feed conversion (AC, T1=1.53 vs. T2=2.17), compared to individually housed calves. We concluded that paired calves showed greater productive response and lower frequency of stress-indicative behaviors compared with individually housed calvesCon el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta productiva y conductual de becerras Holstein lactantes alojadas en pareja, se utilizaron 30 becerras de una semana de edad hasta el destete (8 semanas de edad) y distribuidas aleatoriamente en dos tratamientos: tratamiento 1 becerras alojadas en parejas (T1, n=10); tratamiento 2 becerras alojadas individualmente (T2, n=10). No se encontró diferencia significativa (p>0.05) entre tratamientos en el peso inicial (PI, T1=38.18 vs T2=39.58, lo que evidencia grupos homogéneos) ni en el consumo total de materia seca (CTMS, T1=56.84 vs T2=56.85, kg). Sin embargo, las becerras alojadas en pareja (T1) mostraron significativamente mejores resultados en el peso final (T1=75.28 vs T2=65.74, kg), en la ganancia total de peso GTP, T1=37.10 vs T2=26.16, kg), en la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP, T1=0.66 vs T2=0.46, kg) y en la conversión alimenticia (CA, T1=1.53 vs T2=2.17), respecto a las becerras que se alojaron de manera individual. Se concluye que las becerras que estuvieron alojadas en parejas mostraron mayor respuesta productiva y menor frecuencia de conductas indicadoras de estrés en comparación con las que estuvieron alojadas de manera individua

Characterization of fruit and vegetable waste as an alternative ruminant feed in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico

Objective: Measure and characterize the fruit and vegetable waste generated during a working day in a commercial juice and fruit cocktail establishment in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, for four weeks. Design/methodology/approach: The total amount of fruit waste generated during a working day in a commercial juice and smoothie establishment in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, was collected Monday through Saturday for four weeks in September and October 2019. Waste was weighted and separated daily into the different types of fruit. We then analyzed their dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and ash (Ash) content. The experimental design was completely randomized. Results: The amount of fruit and vegetable waste was constant during the four collection weeks; the total amount of waste collected was 465 kg; orange peel was the most abundant waste (75%). The moisture content ranged from 75 to 94% based on the type of fruit. The CP concentration ranged from 4.33 to 6.95%, except for the papaya peel, which had a CP content of 11.55%.Limitations/implications: An alternative to avoid landfilling this type of organic waste is to subject it to a silage-making process; this would reduce negative environmental impacts, generate value-added products, and reduce the pressure on natural resources. Findings/conclusions: The amount of fruit and vegetable waste produced every week was constant for four weeks. Although their dry matter content is low, these wastes, mixed with cereal straw and subjected to a silage-making process, can result in value-added products, and avoid landfilling

Nutritional Parameters, Biomass Production, and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Festuca arundinacea Schreb.</i> Conditioned with Selenium Nanoparticles

Festuca arundinacea Schreb. is a widely used type of forage due to its great ecological breadth and adaptability. An agricultural intervention that improves the selenium content in cultivated plants has been defined as bio-fortification, a complementary strategy to improve human and non-human animals’ nutrition. The advancement of science has led to an increased number of studies based on nanotechnologies, such as the development of nanoparticles (NPs) and their application in crop plants. Studies show that NPs have different physicochemical properties compared to bulk materials. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the behavior of F. arundinacea Schreb. plants cultivated with Se nanoparticles, (2) to identify the specific behavior of the agronomic and productive variables of the F. arundinacea Schreb. plants, and (3) to quantify the production and quality of the forage produced from the plant (the bioactive compounds’ concentrations, antioxidant activity, and the concentration of selenium). Three different treatments of SeNPs were established (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mg/mL). The effects of a foliar fertilization with SeNPs on the morphological parameters such as the root size, plant height, and biomass production were recorded, as well as the effects on the physicochemical parameters such as the crude protein (CP), lipids (L), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), carbohydrates (CH), the content of total phenols, total flavonoids, tannins, quantification of selenium and antioxidant activity 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Significant differences (p F. arundinacea Schreb. plants fertilized with 4.5 mg/L had selenium contents of 0.3215, 0.3191, and 0.3218 mg/Kg MS; total phenols of 249.56, 280.02, and 274 mg EAG/100 g DM; and total flavonoids of 63.56, 64.96, and 61.16 mg QE/100 g DM. The foliar biofortified treatment with a concentration of 4.5 mg/mL Se NPs had the highest antioxidant capacities (284.26, 278.35, and 289.96 mg/AAE/100 g)