The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the productive performance, apparent digestibility of DM, serum phosphorus and phosphorus balance in Holstein calves which received a high concentrate diet with different doses of exogenous phytase for a period of 60d. The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design with three treatments of eight calves each, the treatment included dietary supplementation of exogenous phytase at 0, 12 and 24 g/ton. Phytase inclusion increased (P0.05) on DM intake, feed conversion and DM digestibility. Adding phytase in the diet decreased phosphorus excretion in faeces (P<0.05) showing a significant linear increase with increasing level of supplementation (the values being 9.96, 9.14 and 8.13 g/d) which, in turn, increased the P retention (4.69, 5.37 and 6.45 g/d, resectively, for the three groups). In conclusion, supplementation of phytase could improve the growth performance of calves without any discernible effects on feed intake or digestibility of nutrients

Aceves, Patricia

Almaraz-Buendía, Isaac

BUENDIA RODRIGUEZ, GERMAN

GONZALEZ MUÑOZ, SERGIO SEGUNDO

MONTOYA FLORES, MARIA TERESA DEL SOCORRO

ORTEGA ALVAREZ, NORA IDOLINA

PARTIDA DE LA PEÑA, JOSE ARMANDO

Zeidan Mohamed Salem, Abdelfattah

English

Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

169 Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology (2014) 14: 169-174Effect of an Exogenous Phytase on GrowthPerformance in Growing Holstein CalvesR.G. Buendía, M.S. González1, S.M. Pérez2, N.I. Ortega3,H.C. Aceves3, F.M.D. Montoya, B.I. Almaraz4, P.J.E. Partidaand A.Z.M. Salem5,6,*Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiologia y MejoramientoAnimal, INIFAP, Ajuchitlán, Qro, 76280, México(Received January 08, 2013)ABSTRACTBuendía, R.G., González, M.S., Pérez, S.M., Ortega, N.I., Aceves, H.C., Montoya, F.M.D., Almaraz,B.I., Partida, P.J.E. and Salem, A.Z.M. 2014. Effect of an exogenous phytase on growth performancein growing Holstein calves. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 169-174.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the productive performance, apparent digestibilityof DM, serum phosphorus and phosphorus balance in Holstein calves which received a high concentratediet with different doses of exogenous phytase for a period of 60d. The experiment was conducted witha completely randomized design with three treatments of eight calves each, the treatment included dietarysupplementation of exogenous phytase at 0, 12 and 24 g/ton. Phytase inclusion increased (P<0.05) averagedaily gain when phytase was supplemented at 24 (850g) as compared to 0 (816g) or 12 (809g) g/ton.However, it had no effect (P>0.05) on DM intake, feed conversion and DM digestibility. Adding phytasein the diet decreased phosphorus excretion in faeces (P<0.05) showing a significant linear increase withincreasing level of supplementation (the values being 9.96, 9.14 and 8.13 g/d) which, in turn, increasedthe P retention (4.69, 5.37 and 6.45 g/d, resectively, for the three groups). In conclusion, supplementationof phytase could improve the growth performance of calves without any discernible effects on feed intakeor digestibility of nutrients.Key words: Calves, Growth, Holstein, Phytase.*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com1Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de México.2Ingeniería Agronómica y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.3Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco.4Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa.5Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.6Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Egypt.Short Communication170INTRODUCTIONSince the late 1980s exogenous enzyme supplementation of animal feed hasbeen practiced successfully. Initial investigations showed that enzymes improvenutritional value of several ingredients such as barley, wheat, rye and triticale.Recent studies have associated enzymes for animal feed with environmental andwelfare benefits. By 2000 about 60 enzyme products had been authorized in theEuropean Union (EU) as food additives, and around 40 of them have reached absoluteEU approval (Brufau et al., 2006).Phosphorus pollution due to intensive livestock production has become a growingconcern in recent years. Much of this pollution is caused by the inefficiency ofanimals to metabolize phytate. Phytic acid salts or phytate are the main storage formof phosphorus in plants seeds and the main source of phosphorus in grain based dietsused in intensive livestock production. Ruminants can use phytate as phosphorussource which is undigestible for monogastric animals and phosphorus excess is excretedin the faeces. Phosphorus rich manure application to arable lands has contributed toeutrophication of surface water in areas with high density of livestock production. Onthe other hand, phytate has anti-nutritional properties and forms complexes withdivalent cations and proteins that may interfere with digestion (Nakashima et al.,2007). Rumen habitat represents a source of highly active phytases which has notbeen extensively studied as yet. Ruminants capability to metabolize phytate has beenattributed to the microbes that live in the rumen. It has been known that rumenmicrobial communities produce a variety of hydrolytic enzymes including celluloses,xylenes, proteases and amylases. However, phytases diversity and phytase producingbacteria in the rumen has been examined only recently (Nakashima et al., 2007).Limited information is available on the effect of phytase supplementation onruminant performance, especially during young age. The aim of this study was toevaluate the effect of exogenous phytase on growth performance of growing Holsteincalves.MATERIALS AND METHODSTwenty intact Holstein calves, initial body weight of 145±7.39 kg were usedaccording to a completely randomized design with three treatments and eightreplications, considering each calf as experimental unit. Phytase was supplementedto the diet at 0, 12 and 24g of phytase (FINASE®, AB Enzymes, from Trichodermareesei; 40,000 FTU g-1) per ton of feed (Table 1). Calves were housed in individualcages. Feed and water was provided ad libitum for 60d after 15d of adaptation to adiet (16% of CP and 3.3 Mcal of ME/kg) composed of corn stover (9%), oat straw(9%), sorghum grain (70%), molasses (10%) and rea (2%).Samples of diet and faeces were analysed for DM, OM, N and ash as perAOAC (1990) NDF, ADF as per Van Soest et al. (1991) and P according to Fiskeand Subbarow (1925).Buendía et al.171Exogenous phytase for growing calvesDry matter intake (DMI) was measured by recording the feed offered andresidues left. Body weight of individual calves was recorded at fortnightly intervalsbefore feeding and watering in the morning. Average daily gain and feed conversionwas calculated. Apparent digestibility of dry matter was calculated using the formulaproposed by Merchen (1988).Faecal samples collected at 72h on the day 15, 30, 45 and 60 of the experimentwere analysed for phosphorus (faecal P) by collecting 10% of faecal void which werefurther mixed, dried and ground. Urine samples were taken by direct collection onthe day 15, 30, 45 and 60 of the experiment for P determination according to Fiskeand Subbarow (1925).Data were analysed according to a completely randomized with three treatmentsin order to assess the effect of time. The MIXED procedure of SAS v 9.2 (1998) wasused according to Littell et al. (1998) and Wang and Goonewardene (2004) andtreatment means were compared using Tukey’s test. The statistical model was asfollows:Yijk=µ + δi+ dij + tk + (δt)ij + εijkWhere, Yijk=is the value measured; µ=general mean; δi= fixed effect of thetreatment (i= 1-3); dij= associated effect (random effect) of Calves within eachtreatment (J= 1-8); tk=fixed effect of the experimental period (k= 1-5). (δt)ik=interaction effect of treatment with experimental period; εij= is the random error.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONPhytase inclusion increased (P<0.05) ADG; however, there were no differences(P>0.05) in DM intake, feed conversion and DM digestibility (Table 1). This mightbe presumably due to saturation in capability to hydrolyze the substrate as reportedby Godoy and Meschy (2001). Besides the biochemical characteristics (pH,thermostability and capability to release P) of phytase (Yin et al., 2007), they exerta direct or indirect effect in the relation to composition of the diet, intake, viscosity,intestinal transit time and intestinal microclimate, including interactions withenteropathogenic and ruminal microflora (Brufau et al., 2006). In addition, recentreports demonstrate the importance of hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions ofphytases for thermo stability (Vogt et al., 1997; Lebbink et al., 1999; Leggio et al.,1999), although they were not evaluated in this study.Phytase activity might be affected by genetic and nutritional factors (Murry etal., 1997), as well as the proportion of inorganic phosphorus, Ca:P ratio and fiber(Salle and Ravindran, 2007), so that there are differences in the ability to use phytatephosphorus between species and breeds (Pizzani et al., 2008). Phytates are hydrolyzedin the intestinal tract by mucosal cell phytases but also by enzymes present in themicroflora (Wise and Gilburt, 1982), which determines that differences betweenspecies and ages are due to bacterial phytase activity (Pizzani et al., 2008).172The P balance data revealed a reduction in faecal P (P<0.05) with increasingphytase level which, in turn was reflected in higher P retention with phytase addition.Further, both the faecal excretion as well as retention of phosphorus showed a linearrelationship with increasing level of phytase. Differences in faecal P (Table 3), maybe due to the fact that ruminants excrete more than 95% of P through faeces with25 to 50% coming from microbial wastes originated from digestive fermentation.Brufau et al. (2006) found that faecal P was reduced (up to 60% less) upon phytaseaddition compared to the control diet with normal availability of P.When releasing more P, microbial activity increased and thus apparentdigestibility of DM improved. This increase in phytase activity may be due inresponse to higher levels of phytate in cereal grains compared with fodder (Reddyet al., 1982), although DM digestibility was not modified in present study. It has beenemphasized that research is needed to predict enzyme supplementation efficacy in thediet (Brufau et al., 2006). Phytate degradation possibly increases absorbable P amountin small intestine. However, further studies are needed to investigate inorganic Pabsorption which is released from phytate in the large intestine, considering allbiochemical characteristics and practical applications (Yin et al., 2007).It is concluded that the growth performance of calves could be improved byphytase supplementation. Further, exogenous phytase decreased P excretion whichcan contribute to the reduction in environmental pollution.Table 1. Effect of phytase supplementation on growth performance in growing calvesPhytase (g/ton)0 12 24SEMAverage daily gain, g 816b 809b 850a 0.197DM intake, g/d 4442 4370 4428 0.210Feed conversion 5.44 5.40 5.21 0.087DM digestibility, % 69.30 68.52 70.64 1.682Serum P 8.34 7.79 8.09 0.026a,bMeans in a row with different literal differ (P≤0.05); SEM=Standard error of the mean.Table 2. Effect of phytase supplementation on P balance in growing calves Phytase (g/ton)0 12 24SEMP inptake 14.65 14.97 15.05 0.063Faecal P, g/d 9.96a 9.14b 8.13c 0.056Urinary P, g/d 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.075P retained, g/d 4.69c 5.37b 6.45a 0.099a,bMeans in a row with different literal differ (P≤0.05); SEM=Standard error of the meanBuendía et al.173REFERENCESAOAC, 1995. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington,VA, USA.Brufau, J., Francesch, M. and Pérez-Vendrell, A. 2006. The use of enzymes for improve cereal dietsfor animal feeding. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86: 1705-1713.Duffield, T., Plaizier, J., Fairfield, A., Bagg, R., Vessie, G. and Dick, P. 2004. Comparison oftechniques for measurement of rume pH in lactating dairy cows. Journal Dairy Science, 87: 59-66.Fiske, C. and Subbarow Y. 1925. The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. Journal of BiologicalChemistry, 66: 375-380.García, E. 1981. Modificación al Sistema de Clasificación Climática de Koppen. Instituto de Geografía,Universidad Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 251 p.Godoy, S. and Meschy F. 2001. Utilization of phytate phosphorus by rumen bacteria in a semi-continuouscultural system (Rusitec) in lactating goats feed on different forage to concentrate ratios. ReproductionNutrition, Development, 41: 259-265.INEGI. 2000. 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Effect of an Exogenous Phytase on Growth Performance in Growing Holstein Calves

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Effect of an Exogenous Phytase on Growth Performance in Growing Holstein Calves

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