La formación en España de médicos especialistas en Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública

Producción CientíficaEl modelo moderno de formación médica especializada en España se definió en 19841 y se basa en el programa de Médicos Internos Residentes (MIR). En 1999 se produjo el acceso al título de especialista de buena parte de la gran bolsa de médicos que trabajaban en el sector sin tener título oficial de especialista (denominados médicos especialistas sin título oficial (MESTOS) mediante una convocatoria excepcional del Consejo Nacional de Especialidades Médicas2. Desde entonces, la oferta de formación mediante la convocatoria MIR es el esquema predominante, aunque persiste la vía excepcional y sea factible la homologación de títulos de especialista obtenidos en el extranjero. Este modelo se ha perfeccionado en los últimos tiempos3, destacando la aprobación en 2005 del programa de la especialidad de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública(MPySP)4,5, y avanzando en una mayor definición del funcionamiento de las unidades docentes, de las comisiones de docencia, y de los tutores6,7. Al redactar este documento nos proponemos proporcionar algunos elementos de información sobre la oferta de formación médica especializada en MPySP. La información descriptiva se ha extraído de las últimas convocatorias publicadas en el Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE), correspondientes al periodo 2007-10. El esbozo de elementos para la evaluación procede de reflexiones compartidas por los miembros de la Comisión Nacional de la Especialidad (CNE) a lo largo del período 2010-11, los cuales son especialistas. Independientemente de que puedan darse progresos en la sistematización de la formación especializada de otras profesiones implicadas en la salud pública, algo muy deseable8, nos concentramos aquí en la situación de esta especialidad médic

Stellar 36,38^{36,38}Ar(n,γ)37,39(n,\gamma)^{37,39}Ar reactions and their effect on light neutron-rich nuclide synthesis

The $^{36}$Ar$(n,\gamma)^{37}$Ar ($t_{1/2}$ = 35 d) and $^{38}$Ar$(n,\gamma)^{39}$Ar (269 y) reactions were studied for the first time with a quasi-Maxwellian ($kT \sim 47$ keV) neutron flux for Maxwellian Average Cross Section (MACS) measurements at stellar energies. Gas samples were irradiated at the high-intensity Soreq applied research accelerator facility-liquid-lithium target neutron source and the $^{37}$Ar/$^{36}$Ar and $^{39}$Ar/$^{38}$Ar ratios in the activated samples were determined by accelerator mass spectrometry at the ATLAS facility (Argonne National Laboratory). The $^{37}$Ar activity was also measured by low-level counting at the University of Bern. Experimental MACS of $^{36}$Ar and $^{38}$Ar, corrected to the standard 30 keV thermal energy, are 1.9(3) mb and 1.3(2) mb, respectively, differing from the theoretical and evaluated values published to date by up to an order of magnitude. The neutron capture cross sections of $^{36,38}$Ar are relevant to the stellar nucleosynthesis of light neutron-rich nuclides; the two experimental values are shown to affect the calculated mass fraction of nuclides in the region A=36-48 during the weak $s$-process. The new production cross sections have implications also for the use of $^{37}$Ar and $^{39}$Ar as environmental tracers in the atmosphere and hydrosphere.Comment: 18 pages + Supp. Mat. (13 pages) Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let

Advantages and disadvantages on photosynthesis measurement techniques: A review

Through photosynthesis, green plants and cyanobacteria are able to transfer sunlight energy to molecular reaction centers for conversion into chemical energy with nearly 100% efficiency. Speed is the key as the transfer of the solar energy takes place almost instantaneously such that little energy is wasted as heat. How photosynthesis achieves this near instantaneous energy transfer is a longstanding mystery that may have finally been solved. Measurements of this process are useful in order to understand how it might be controlled and how the phytomonitoring of plant development to increase productivity can be carried out. Techniques in this sense have evolved and nowadays several have been used for this purpose. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present a review of the various methods and principles that have been used in measuring photosynthesis presenting the advantages and disadvantages of various existing measurement methodologies in order to recommend the most appropriate method according to the needs of specific investigations

Investigación y propuesta de estrategias de comercialización y mercadotecnia para empresa de Cocoa Art ubicada en Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco

El proyecto PAP a presentar se lleva a cabo con la empresa Cocoa Art, la cual es dirigida por la empresaria Erika Alejandra Brito Arocha. El principal objetivo es desarrollar una estrategia de comercialización B2C (Business to Consumer) para obtener un mayor crecimiento de la empresa. Se requiere buscar diferentes puntos de venta, investigar los costos de la empresa y precios del mercado, realizar un análisis de los costos de los envíos. Y por último diseñar el material POP. La metodología consiste en 4 fases, la primera la búsqueda de distintos puntos de venta e investigar sus requerimientos y un numero de contacto, posteriormente la segunda fase consiste un análisis de los costos de los productos y el margen deseado por la empresaria en los 2 modelos de negocio de B2C y B2B (Business to Business), la tercera fase se investigara proveedores de paquetería y realizar unos análisis de los costos de envío que tendría Cocoa Art. Como resultado se pretende entregar los seis puntos de ventas distintos, el precio final tanto para el consumidor final en su página web y los puntos de ventas, tres distintos escenarios de compra mínima analizando la posibilidad de absorber el costo de envío por parte de la empresaria y el cliente y las diferentes alternativas del material POP tanto para activaciones (1 propuesta) como exhibidores (2 propuestas).ITESO, A.C

The first direct measurement of ¹²C (¹²C,n) ²³Mg at stellar energies

Neutrons produced by the carbon fusion reaction ¹²C(¹²C,n)²³Mg play an important role in stellar nucleosynthesis. However, past studies have shown large discrepancies between experimental data and theory, leading to an uncertain cross section extrapolation at astrophysical energies. We present the first direct measurement that extends deep into the astrophysical energy range along with a new and improved extrapolation technique based on experimental data from the mirror reaction ¹²C(¹²C,p)²³Na. The new reaction rate has been determined with a well-defined uncertainty that exceeds the precision required by astrophysics models. Using our constrained rate, we find that ¹²C(¹²C,n)²³Mg is crucial to the production of Na and Al in Pop-III Pair Instability Supernovae. It also plays a non-negligible role in the production of weak s-process elements as well as in the production of the important galacti

A compactness theorem for scalar-flat metrics on manifolds with boundary

Let (M,g) be a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary. This paper is concerned with the set of scalar-flat metrics which are in the conformal class of g and have the boundary as a constant mean curvature hypersurface. We prove that this set is compact for dimensions greater than or equal to 7 under the generic condition that the trace-free 2nd fundamental form of the boundary is nonzero everywhere.Comment: 49 pages. Final version, to appear in Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equation

Independent measurement of the Hoyle state β\beta feeding from 12B using Gammasphere

Using an array of high-purity Compton-suppressed germanium detectors, we performed an independent measurement of the $\beta$-decay branching ratio from $^{12}\mathrm{B}$ to the second-excited (Hoyle) state in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$. Our result is $0.64(11)\%$, which is a factor $\sim 2$ smaller than the previously established literature value, but is in agreement with another recent measurement. This could indicate that the Hoyle state is more clustered than previously believed. The angular correlation of the Hoyle state $\gamma$ cascade has also been measured for the first time. It is consistent with theoretical predictions

Effect of Modified Pin Profile and Process Parameters on the Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6

This work deals with the effect of a new “bolt-head” pin profile on the friction stir welding performance of the aluminum alloy 6061-T6, compared to traditional pin profiles. Friction stir welding parameters such as the tool rotation speed and the welding speed were investigated together with the different pin profiles; the results show that the new “bolt-head” pin profile leads to better mechanical properties of welded specimens. The pin profiles used in this work were the straight square (SS), straight hexagon (SH), taper cylindrical (TC), and the straight hexagon “bolt-head” (SHBH). It was found that the last pin profile improves the material flow behavior and the uniform distribution of plastic deformation and reduces the formation of macroscopic defects on the welded zone. Mechanical tensile tests on welded specimens were performed to determine the tensile strength: the specimens welded with the SHBH pin profile have shown the highest mechanical properties. An approach is presented for material flow on this aluminum alloy using the SHBH pin profile, which is related to the improvement on the resulting mechanical properties

Stretched states in B 12,13 with the (d,α) reaction

The (d,α) reaction is highly selective, favoring final states in which the removed neutron and proton are completely aligned in a J=2j configuration. We have studied the C14,15(d,α)B12,13 reactions in inverse kinematics using the Helical Orbit Spectrometer (HELIOS) at Argonne National Laboratory. In B12, the reaction strongly favors the population of a known 3+ state at 5.61 MeV, and for B13, we observe a possible unreported doublet of states at high excitation energy, probably corresponding to the B12(3+) state coupled to the 1s1/2 neutron from the C15 ground state. In contrast to single-nucleon transfer, deuteron-transfer reactions have not been widely studied with exotic nuclei

An Emerging Infectious Disease Triggering Large-Scale Hyperpredation

Hyperpredation refers to an enhanced predation pressure on a secondary prey due to either an increase in the abundance of a predator population or a sudden drop in the abundance of the main prey. This scarcely documented mechanism has been previously studied in scenarios in which the introduction of a feral prey caused overexploitation of native prey. Here we provide evidence of a previously unreported link between Emergent Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and hyperpredation on a predator-prey community. We show how a viral outbreak caused the population collapse of a host prey at a large spatial scale, which subsequently promoted higher-than-normal predation intensity on a second prey from shared predators. Thus, the disease left a population dynamic fingerprint both in the primary host prey, through direct mortality from the disease, and indirectly in the secondary prey, through hyperpredation. This resulted in synchronized prey population dynamics at a large spatio-temporal scale. We therefore provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which EIDs can disrupt a predator-prey interaction from the individual behavior to the population dynamics. This mechanism can pose a further threat to biodiversity through the human-aided disruption of ecological interactions at large spatial and temporal scales.MM and JASZ were partially supported by a project of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (reference CGL-2006-10689/BOS)