The current state and dynamics of development of Azerbaijan-germany trade relations

Стаття присвячена деяким питанням динаміки розвитку азербайджано-німецьких торгово-економічних відносин, аналізі її сучасного стану. У вступі автор зазначає, що в останні роки на ринках, що розвиваються европеського Союзу можливості підвищення взаємної торгівлі та інвестиції Азербайджану з Німеччиною стає все більш актуальними. Автор в час своїх досліджень широко іспользоваль метод аналізу статьістіческіх даних, метод порівняльного аналізу статьістіческіх показників Азербайджану, Німеччини та Євросоюзу. Підкреслюється, що по зовнішньоторговельному обігу Азербайджану з Німеччиною має тенденцію стабільного зростання, а зовнішньоторговельний оборот Німеччини з Азербайджаном характеризується нестабільністю. Це пов'язано з тим, що економіка Азербайджану дуже вразлива до зовнішніх шоків. Так, частка нафти, яка є основним джерелом доходу країни, в експорті висока, і в формуванні сукупного попиту переважає державний попит, і доходи від нафти є джерелом його основного фінансування. Таким чином, зміна ціни на нафту на світовому ринку через бюджет впливає на імпорт, а за допомогою ціни на нафту на експорт. Так само відзначається, розвиток зовнішньоекономічних і торговельних зв'язків з Європейським союзом, особливо з Німеччиною, і ефективна інтеграція провідних секторів економіки в світовий ланцюжок вартості вважаються одним з основних напрямків довгострокової стратегії розвитку Азербайджану. У статті з огляду на положення Німеччини насвітовому ринку, був оцінений потенціал торгівлі між двома країнами на основі торгових показників Азербайджану. Показивет, що тут Азербайджан виступає в ролі чистого імпортера в областях, і має дуже невелику частку на світовому ринку. Підкреслюється, що кількісні параметри потенціалу розширення торговельних відносин між Німеччиною і Азербайджаном ще раз показують, що Азербайджан в своїх зовнішньоторговельних відносинах орієнтується на ринок країн СНД. У підсумку зазначається, що структура німецької економіки підтримується в основному завдяки підвищенню конкурентоспроможності країни в глобальному інтеграційному процесі.The article is devoted to some issues of the dynamics of development of Azerbaijani-German trade and economic relations, the analysis of its current state. In the introduction, author notes that in recent years in the emerging markets of the European Union, the possibility of increasing mutual trade and investment between Azerbaijan and Germany has become increasingly important. The author during his research widely used the method of analyzing article statistical data, the method of comparative analysis of article statistical indicators of Azerbaijan, Germany and the European Union. It is emphasized that the foreign trade turnover of Azerbaijan with Germany has a tendency of stable growth, and the foreign trade turnover of Germany with Azerbaijan is characterized by instability. This is due to the fact that the economy of Azerbaijan is very vulnerable to external shocks. Thus, the share of oil, which is the main source of income for the country, is high in exports, and in theformation of aggregate demand, government demand prevails, and oil revenues are the source of its main financing. Thus, the change in the price of oil in the world market through the budget affects imports, and through the price of oil for export. It is also noted that the development of foreign economic and trade relations with the European Union, especially with Germany, and the effective integration of leading sectors of the economy into the global value chain are considered one of the main directions of Azerbaijan’s long-term development strategy. In the article, taking into account the position of Germany in the world market, the potential of trade between the two countries was estimated based on the trade indicators of Azerbaijan. It is shown that here Azerbaijan acts as a net importer in the regions, and has a very small share in the world market. It is emphasized that the quantitative parameters of the potential for the expansion of trade relations between Germany and Azerbaijan once again show that Azerbaijan in its foreign trade relations is oriented towards the market of the CIS countries. As a result, it is noted that the structure of the German economy is supported mainly due to the increased competitiveness of the country in the global integration process

Effect of elevated NaCl concentration to the photosynthesis and activity of catalase in Dunaliella salina cells

Исследовано влияние повышение концентрации NaCl (от 0,5 до 4,0 м) на пигментный состав, кислородный обмен и активность каталазы клеток зеленой водоросли Dunaliella salina. Установлено оптимальную концентрацию NaCl (2,0 М), при которой отмечено интенсивное биосинтез зеленых пигментов и функционирования фотосинтетического аппарата. При повышенных концентрациях NaCl (3,0 и 4,0 м) растет активность каталазы в 5,8 раза в пересчете на 1 мг белка по сравнению с контролем, что составляло 0,5703 мкмоль / мин. на мг белка. Активность каталазы может быть использована как показатель устойчивости клеток водоросли в условиях солевого стрессаДосліджено вплив підвищення концентрації NaCl (від 0,5 до 4,0 М) на пігментний склад, кисневий обмін і активність каталази клітин зеленої водорості Dunaliella salina. Встановлено оптимальну концентрацію NaCl (2,0 М), за якої відмічено інтенсивний біосинтез зелених пігментів і функціонування фотосинтетичного апарату. При підвищених концентраціях NaCl (3,0 та 4,0 М) зростає активність каталази у 5,8 раза у перерахунку на 1 мг білка порівняно з контролем, що становило 0,5703 мкмоль/хв. на мг білка. Активність каталази може бути використана як показник стійкості клітин водорості до умов сольового стресуThe effect of elevated NaCl concentration (from 0.5 to 4.0 M) to the pigment content, O2 exchange and activities of some oxidative stress enzymes in the green alga Dunaliella salina was investigated. The optimum NaCl concentration (2.0 M) for the intensive biosynthesis of green pigments and function of the photosynthetic apparatus were established. The catalase activity increased up to 5.8 times and reached 0.5703 µmol min-1mg-1protein after 7 days of exposure to high salt concentration (3.0 and 4.0 M). The activity of catalase can be used as an indicator of alga cells’ resistance to salinity stress

Involvement of heat shock proteins HSP70 in the mechanisms of endogenous neuroprotection: the prospect of using HSP70 modulators

This analytical review summarizes literature data and our own research on HSP70-dependent mechanisms of neuroprotection and discusses potential pharmacological agents that can influence HSP70 expression to improve neurological outcomes and effective therapy. The authors formed a systemic concepts of the role of HSP70-dependent mechanisms of endogenous neuroprotection aimed at stopping the formation of mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of apoptosis, desensitization of estrogen receptors, reduction of oxidative and nitrosative stress, prevention of morpho-functional changes in brain cells during cerebral ischemia, and experimentally substantiated new target links for neuroprotection. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are an evolutionarily integral part of the functioning of all cells acting as intracellular chaperones that support cell proteostasis under normal and various stress conditions (hyperthermia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, radiation, etc.). The greatest curiosity in conditions of ischemic brain damage is the HSP70 protein, as an important component of the endogenous neuroprotection system, which, first of all, performs the function of intracellular chaperones and ensures the processes of folding, holding and transport of synthesized proteins, as well as their degradation, both under normoxic conditions and stress-induced denaturation. A direct neuroprotective effect of HSP70 has been established, which is realized through the regulation the processes of apoptosis and cell necrosis due to a long-term effect on the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, chaperone activity, and stabilization of active enzymes. An increase in the level of HSP70 leads to the normalization of the glutathione link of the thiol-disulfide system and an increase in the resistance of cells to ischemia. HSP 70 is able to activate and regulate compensatory ATP synthesis pathways during ischemia. It was found that in response to the cerebral ischemia formation, HIF-1a is expressed, which initiates the launch of compensatory mechanisms for energy production. Subsequently, the regulation of these processes switches to HSP70, which “prolongs” the action of HIF-1a, and also independently maintains the expression of mitochondrial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity, thereby maintaining the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle mechanism for a long time. During ischemia of organs and tissues, HSP70 performs a protective function, which is realized through increased synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, stabilization of oxidatively damaged macromolecules, and direct anti-apoptotic and mitoprotective action. Such a role of these proteins in cellular reactions during ischemia raises the question of the development of new neuroprotective agents which are able to provide modulation/protection of the genes encoding the synthesis of HSP 70 and HIF-1a proteins. Numerous studies of recent years have noted the important role of HSP70 in the implementation of the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation, neuroplasticity and neuroprotection of brain cells, so the positive modulation of the HSP70 system is a perspective concept of neuroprotection, which can improve the efficiency of the treatment of ischemic-hypoxic brain damage and be the basis for substantiating of the feasibility of using of HSP70 modulators as promising neuroprotectors

ЭПИЗООТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ АМФИКОТИЛИДОЗА РЫБ В ВОДОЕМАХ БАССЕЙНА РЕКИ ТЕРЕК

Amphykotilidosis in fish in the North Caucasus region belongs to the rare infection and is being transmitted by fish juveniles during recreational activities. 2 types of Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 were detected in trout, barbel, riffle minnow, mudfish, and bleak in the basin of the Terek River. The criteria of intensive and extensive invasions for riffle minnow fish juveniles and adults in rivers were 1, 0 – 5, 0%, the intensity of invasion (II) – 3, 0 – 13, 0 expl./ ind. Materials and methods. Research was conducted in rivers Terek, Malka, Baksan, Cherek, and Chegem. We used the Skryabin K.I. method of complete helminthological autopsy (modified by V.A. Dogel in 1970 for examination of fish). During the working period 100 individuals of each species (trout, barbel, riffle minnow mudfish, bleak) were examined. Research results: Fish amphykotilidosis belongs to rare infection diseases and is being transmitted by fish juveniles during recreational activities. Based on parasitological examinations of trout, barbel, riffle minnow, mudfish, and bleak in the basin of the Terek River 2 types of Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 with slight intensity and extensity of invasion were determined.Амфикотилидоз рыб в регионе Северного Кавказа относится к редким инвазиям и занесен с мальками в период рекреационных мероприятий. У форели, усача, быстрянки, щиповки, уклейки в бассейне р. Терек определены 2 вида сем. Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899. У восточной быстрянки критерии экстенс – и интенсинвазированности молоди и взрослых рыб в реках составили 1,0 - 5,0%, ИИ - 3,0 - 13,0 экз./особь. Материалы и методы. Исследования проводились в реках Терек, Малка, Баксан, Черек, Чегем и Малка. При этом использовался метод полного паразитологического вскры-тия рыб по К.И. Скрябину, модифицированный для рыб В.А. Догелем (1970). За период работы исследовано по 100 шт. форели, усача, быстрянки, щиповки, уклейки. Результаты исследований: амфикотилидоз рыб относится к редким инвазиям и занесен с мальками в период рекреационных мероприятий. При паразитологических исследованиях форели, усача, быстрянки, щиповки, уклейки форели в бассейне р. Терек определены 2 вида сем. Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 со значениями слабой экстенсивности и интенсивности инвазии

Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

The Pontocaspian (Black Sea - Caspian Sea) region has a very dynamic history of basin development and biotic evolution. The region is the remnant of a once vast Paratethys Sea. It contains some of the best Eurasian geological records of tectonic, climatic and paleoenvironmental change. The Pliocene-Quaternary co-evolution of the Black Sea-Caspian Sea is dominated by major changes in water (lake and sea) levels resulting in a pulsating system of connected and isolated basins. Understanding the history of the region, including the drivers of lake level and faunal evolution, is hampered by indistinct stratigraphic nomenclature and contradicting time constraints for regional sedimentary successions. In this paper we review and update the late Pliocene to Quaternary stratigraphic framework of the Pontocaspian domain, focusing on the Black Sea Basin, Caspian Basin, Marmara Sea and the terrestrial environments surrounding these large, mostly endorheic lake-sea systems

Two Channel Indirect Gap Photoluminescence and Competition between the Conduction Band Valleys in Few Layer MoS2

In response to the demand in few nanometer MoS2 films on large substrate area, sulfurization of MoO3 layers deposited on SiO2 Si substrate by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition was performed and the obtained MoS2 films were tested using X ray diffraction, confocal Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to ensure identity, thickness and surface morphology of the films. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and steady state, excitation power and temperature dependent photoluminescence technique, supported by band structure calculations with spin orbit coupling included were then applied to trace down the evolution of electronic energy spectrum over the photon energy range 0.07 6.5 eV upon decrease of MoS2 thickness from 30 to 5 and 3 nm. Both experimental approaches solidly verify preservation of the well known, distinctive A, B, C, and D exciton structures at and above the direct energy gap down to 3 nm film thickness or 4 MoS2 layers. Two channels of indirect emission, which involve two competting valleys of the conduction band, are observed. Both 3 and 5 nm MoS2 exhibit switching from two to one channel indirect emission with temperature decrease. The former experiences such indirect to indirect crossover at much higher temperature than the latter, which corroborates our band structure result

Hydrodynamic slip can align thin nanoplatelets in shear flow

The large-scale processing of nanomaterials such as graphene and MoS2 relies on understanding the flow behaviour of nanometrically-thin platelets suspended in liquids. Here we show, by combining non-equilibrium molecular dynamics and continuum simulations, that rigid nanoplatelets can attain a stable orientation for sufficiently strong flows. Such a stable orientation is in contradiction with the rotational motion predicted by classical colloidal hydrodynamics. This surprising effect is due to hydrodynamic slip at the liquid-solid interface and occurs when the slip length is larger than the platelet thickness; a slip length of a few nanometers may be sufficient to observe alignment. The predictions we developed by examining pure and surface-modified graphene is applicable to different solvent/2D material combinations. The emergence of a fixed orientation in a direction nearly parallel to the flow implies a slip-dependent change in several macroscopic transport properties, with potential impact on applications ranging from functional inks to nanocomposites.Energy Technolog

The charge transport mechanism in a new magnetic topological insulator MnBi0.5Sb1.5Te4

A new layered magnetic topological insulator with the composition MnBi0.5Sb1.5Te4 is obtained. The electrical conductivity in the plane of the layers and in the direction normal to the layers is studied in the range of temperatures of 1.4–300 K. It is found that a “metallic” character of the temperature dependence of the resistivity ρ(T) is observed in the range of temperatures of 50–300 K in both directions. Below T = 50 K, the value of ρ increases and demonstrates an uncommon temperature dependence with a characteristic feature in the region of the critical temperature Tc = 23 K. The increase in the resistance in the temperature range of 50–23 K is determined by the spin fluctuations and magnetic phase transition. Below Tc and down to 1.4 K, ρ(T) demonstrates a behavior characteristic for the weak localization effect, which is confirmed by the analysis of the data obtained when studying magnetoresistance.This work was financially supported by the Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (grants nos. EİF-BGM-4-RFTF-1/2017-21/04/1-M-02, EİF/MQM/Elm-Tehsil-1-2016-1(26)-71/16/1), Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 18-52-06009), St. Petersburg State University (grant no. 73028629) as well as the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Foundation (grant no. PID2019-103910GB-I00).Peer reviewe

A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome

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