59 research outputs found
Dye staining and excavation of a lateral preferential flow network
International audiencePreferential flow features have been found to be important for runoff generation, solute transport, and slope stability in many areas around the world. Although many studies have identified the particular characteristics of individual features and measured the runoff generation and solute transport within hillslopes, no studies have determined how individual features are hydraulically connected at a hillslope scale. In this study, we used dye staining and excavation to determine the morphology and spatial pattern of a preferential flow network over a large scale (30 m). We explore the feasibility of extending small-scale dye staining techniques to the hillslope scale. We determine the lateral preferential flow features that are active during the steady state flow conditions and their interaction with the surrounding soil matrix. We also calculate the velocities of the flow through each cross-section of the hillslope and compare them to hillslope scale applied tracer measurements. Finally, we investigate the relationship between the contributing area and the characteristics of the preferential features. The experiment revealed that larger contributing areas coincided with highly developed and hydraulically connected preferential features that had flow with little interaction with the surrounding soil matrix. We found evidence of subsurface erosion and deposition of soil and organic material laterally and vertically within the soil. These results are important because they add to the understanding of the runoff generation, solute transport, and slope stability of these types of hillslopes
Channel morphology and bed-load yield in fluvial, formerly-glaciated headwater streams of the Columbia Mountains, Canada
This study examines channel-reach morphology and bedload yield dynamics in relation to landscape
structure and snowmelt hydrology in headwater streams of the Columbia Mountains, Canada. Data collection
relies on field surveys and geographic information systems analysis in conjunction with a nested monitoring
network of water discharge and bedload transfer. The landscape is characterized by subdued, formerlyglaciated
upland topography in which the geomorphic significance of landslides and debris flows is negligible
and fluvial processes prevail. While the spatial organization of channel morphology is chiefly controlled by
glacially imposed local slope in conjunction with wood abundance and availability of glacigenic deposits,
downstream patterns of the coarse grain-size fraction, bankfull width, bankfull depth, and stream power
are all insensitive to systematic changes of local slope along the typically stepped long profiles. This is an
indication that these alluvial systems have adjusted to the contemporary snowmelt-driven water and sediment
transport regimes, and as such are able to compensate for the glacially-imposed boundary conditions. Bedload
specific yield increases with drainage area suggesting that fluvial re-mobilization of glacial and paraglacial
deposits dominate the sedimentary dynamics of basins as small as 2 km2. Stepwise multiple regression analysis
shows that annual rates of sediment transfer aremainly controlled by the number of peak events over threshold
discharge. During such events, repeated destabilization of channel bed armoring and re-mobilization of sediment
temporarily stored behind LWD structures can generate bedload transport across the entire snowmelt
season. In particular, channel morphology controls the variability of bedload response to hydrologic forcing.
In the present case studies, we show that the observed spatial variability in annual bedload yield appears to
be modulated by inter-basin differences in morphometric characteristics, among which slope aspect plays a
critical part
Dye staining and excavation of a lateral preferential flow network
Preferential flow paths have been found to be important for runoff generation, solute transport, and slope stability in many areas around the world. Although many studies have identified the particular characteristics of individual features and measured the runoff generation and solute transport within hillslopes, very few studies have determined how individual features are hydraulically connected at a hillslope scale. In this study, we used dye staining and excavation to determine the morphology and spatial pattern of a preferential flow network over a large scale (30 m). We explore the feasibility of extending small-scale dye staining techniques to the hillslope scale. We determine the lateral preferential flow paths that are active during the steady-state flow conditions and their interaction with the surrounding soil matrix. We also calculate the velocities of the flow through each cross-section of the hillslope and compare them to hillslope scale applied tracer measurements. Finally, we investigate the relationship between the contributing area and the characteristics of the preferential flow paths. The experiment revealed that larger contributing areas coincided with highly developed and hydraulically connected preferential flow paths that had flow with little interaction with the surrounding soil matrix. We found evidence of subsurface erosion and deposition of soil and organic material laterally and vertically within the soil. These results are important because they add to the understanding of the runoff generation, solute transport, and slope stability of preferential flow-dominated hillslopes
Comparison of uncertainty sources for climate change impacts: flood frequency in England
This paper investigates the uncertainty in the impact of climate change on flood frequency in England, through the use of continuous simulation of river flows. Six different sources of uncertainty are discussed: future greenhouse gas emissions; Global Climate Model (GCM) structure; downscaling from GCMs (including Regional Climate Model structure); hydrological model structure; hydrological model parameters and the internal variability of the climate system (sampled by applying different GCM initial conditions). These sources of uncertainty are demonstrated (separately) for two example catchments in England, by propagation through to flood frequency impact. The results suggest that uncertainty from GCM structure is by far the largest source of uncertainty. However, this is due to the extremely large increases in winter rainfall predicted by one of the five GCMs used. Other sources of uncertainty become more significant if the results from this GCM are omitted, although uncertainty from sources relating to modelling of the future climate is generally still larger than that relating to emissions or hydrological modelling. It is also shown that understanding current and future natural variability is critical in assessing the importance of climate change impacts on hydrology
Protective interactive noncondensing (PINC) polymers for enhanced plasmid distribution and expression in rat skeletal muscle
Channel morphology and bed-load yield in fluvial, formerly-glaciated headwater streams of the Columbia Mountains, Canada
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