6 research outputs found
Waste management through life cycle assessment of products
The rapid growth of a population in a country can contribute to high production of waste. Municipal waste and industrial waste can bring unhealthy and unpleasant environment or even diseases to human beings if the wastes are not managed properly. With increasing concerns over waste and the need for 'greener' products, it is necessary to carry out Life Cycle Assessments of products and this will help manufacturers take the first steps towards greener designs by assessing their product's carbon output. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, and to assess the impact of those energy and material used and released to the environment. The aim of the study was to use a life cycle assessment approach to determine which waste disposal options that will substantially reduce the environmental burdens posed by the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle. Several important observations can be made. 1)Recycling of the PET bottle waste can significantly reduce the energy requiredacross the life cycle because the high energy inputs needed to process the requisite virgin materials greatly exceeds the energy needs of the recycling process steps. 2)Greenhouse gases can be reduced by opting for recycling instead of landfilling andincineration. 3)Quantity of waste emissions released from different disposal options was identified. 4)Recycling is the environmentally preferable disposal method for the PET bottle. Industry can use the tools and data in this study to evaluate the health, environmental, and energy implications of the PET bottle. LCA intends to aid decision-makers in this respect, provided that the scientific underpinning is available. Strategic incentives for product development and life cycle management can then be developed
Degradation of potassium ferrocyanide used as an anti-caking agent
ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° KCl Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° 20 %, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ KCl, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° KCl Ρ 60 Π΄ΠΎ 120 Β°Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° KCl.The relevance. Improving the quality of potash fertilizers supplied abroad, the indicators of which include the value of caking, is an urgent problem. As an anti-caking agent for potassium chloride, potassium ferrocyanide can be used, which has a significant drawback, which is that during the storage of the KCl product in the warehouse during the day, degradation and decrease in the content of potassium ferrocyanide by 20 % are observed, which subsequently during transportation by sea or rail transport leads to product caking and consumer complaints. Analysis of the causes of degradation showed that hydrolysis of ferrocyanides can occur in aqueous solutions. The aim of the research is to determine the reasons for degradation and decrease in potassium ferrocyanide content on the surface of the crystals of the potassium chloride product. Methods. To establish the degradation of potassium ferrocyanide aqueous solution, a theoretical analysis of the literature data on the mechanism of potassium ferrocyanide decomposition, methods of thermodynamic, synchronous thermal, chemical analysis and electron microscopy were used. Results. By theoretical analysis and experimentally, it has been established that the chemical degradation of potassium ferrocyanide occurs mainly during thermal treatment of aqueous solution of an anti-caking agent with the formation of a precipitate of iron hydroxide and hydrocyanic acid. Since the anti-caking agent solution is sprayed on the hot KCl product under industrial conditions, experiments were carried out in which solutions of potassium ferrocyanide with different concentrations were applied to potassium chloride and subjected to heat treatment. It was found that with an increase in processing temperature of the KCl product from 60 to 120 Β°C, the degradation of the anticaking agent increases, and the residual content of potassium ferrocyanide in the product decreases. With the increase in the heat treatment temperature and the concentration of potassium ferrocyanide in the anti-caking agent solution, its losses on potassium chloride increase. At the same time, the increased temperature of the hot potassium chloride product coming from the drying apparatus accelerates the drying of the anti-caking agent solution, which worsens its distribution on the surface of the KCl product crystals
Degradation of potassium ferrocyanide used as an anti-caking agent
ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° KCl Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° 20 %, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ KCl, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° KCl Ρ 60 Π΄ΠΎ 120 Β°Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° KCl.The relevance. Improving the quality of potash fertilizers supplied abroad, the indicators of which include the value of caking, is an urgent problem. As an anti-caking agent for potassium chloride, potassium ferrocyanide can be used, which has a significant drawback, which is that during the storage of the KCl product in the warehouse during the day, degradation and decrease in the content of potassium ferrocyanide by 20 % are observed, which subsequently during transportation by sea or rail transport leads to product caking and consumer complaints. Analysis of the causes of degradation showed that hydrolysis of ferrocyanides can occur in aqueous solutions. The aim of the research is to determine the reasons for degradation and decrease in potassium ferrocyanide content on the surface of the crystals of the potassium chloride product. Methods. To establish the degradation of potassium ferrocyanide aqueous solution, a theoretical analysis of the literature data on the mechanism of potassium ferrocyanide decomposition, methods of thermodynamic, synchronous thermal, chemical analysis and electron microscopy were used. Results. By theoretical analysis and experimentally, it has been established that the chemical degradation of potassium ferrocyanide occurs mainly during thermal treatment of aqueous solution of an anti-caking agent with the formation of a precipitate of iron hydroxide and hydrocyanic acid. Since the anti-caking agent solution is sprayed on the hot KCl product under industrial conditions, experiments were carried out in which solutions of potassium ferrocyanide with different concentrations were applied to potassium chloride and subjected to heat treatment. It was found that with an increase in processing temperature of the KCl product from 60 to 120 Β°C, the degradation of the anticaking agent increases, and the residual content of potassium ferrocyanide in the product decreases. With the increase in the heat treatment temperature and the concentration of potassium ferrocyanide in the anti-caking agent solution, its losses on potassium chloride increase. At the same time, the increased temperature of the hot potassium chloride product coming from the drying apparatus accelerates the drying of the anti-caking agent solution, which worsens its distribution on the surface of the KCl product crystals