Investigations on composition and morphology of electrochemical conversion layer/titanium dioxide deposit on stainless steel

In this study, the formation and characterization of conversion coatings modified by a sol-gel TiO2 deposit were investigated as a way to develop a new photocatalyst for water and air depollution. The conversion coating, characterised by strong interfacial adhesion, high roughness and high surface area facilitates the sol-gel deposition of titania and enhances its adhesion to the substrate. The conversion treatment is carried out in an acid solution. Observation by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) reveals a rough surface with pores and cavities. According to SIMS measurements, the thickness of the initial conversion layer is evaluated at about 1.5 μm. On this pre-functionalised support, the titanium dioxide was deposited by the sol-gel method. The roughness measurements coupled with SIMS analysis allowed a precise evaluation of the surface state of the final layers. The coating consists of two layers: a TiO2 outer layer and an inner layer containing iron chromium oxides. Characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the existence of the TiO2 anatase structure as the main compound

The Accountability of Military Commander for the Forces Doing Gross Violations of Human Rights

Command responsibility occurs due to gross violation of human rights committed by subordinates under the effective control. It develops in doctrines and practices which then normatively institutionalize in International Law and National Law. In the National Law, the Command responsibility is regulated in Article 42 of Act No. 26 of 2000 concerning Human Rights Courts of State Gazette Number 208. Military Commander or a person who effectively acts as a Military Commander may be responsible for crimes that are within the Jurisdiction of Human Rights Courts carried out by forces under  Command, and effective courts, and The criminal offense is a result of improper control, namely: the Military Commander or someone knows that the force is committing or has just committed a gross violation of Human Rights and that the Military Commander or someone does not take appropriate and necessary actions under his power to prevent or stop the act or to submit the matters to the competent authorities for investigation and prosecution. In the military organization of combat units, the composition of the military commander began with the Unit Commander, Platoon Commander, Company Commander, Battalion Commander, Brigade Commander, Division Commander and Commander of the Army Strategic Command (Pangkostrad) for the Kostrad ranks. In the Special Forces Command  (Kopassus) ranks there are known General Commander (Danjen) Kopassus, Group Commander (Dangroup) and so on. For Territorial units, starting from the Military District Commander (Danramil), Military Regions Commander (Dandim), Military Resort Commander (Danrem) and Territorial Military Commander (Pangdam). The Army Chief of Staff (Kasad) Supervise the command ranks of the Army, including the Chief of the Navy (Kasal) and Chief of Staff of the Air Force (Kasau), and the Indonesian National Army (TNI) Commander as the command holder for all Forces, the Army, Navy and Indonesian Air Force. Keywords: Command responsibility of gross violation of human rights DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/85-13 Publication date:May 31st 201

An efficient protection of stainless steel against corrosion: Combination of a conversion layer and titanium dioxide deposit

In the present work, a novel process has been developed to improve the corrosion properties of ferritic stainless steels. Titanium oxide coatings have been deposited onto stainless steel by sol–gel process after a pre-functionalization of the substrate in a conversion bath. Gel titania was prepared by hydrolysis of a titanium butoxide through a sol–gel process. Duplex systems "conversion layer/uniform TiO2 coating" have been prepared on stainless steels using a dipping technique and thermal post-treatments at 450 °C. The preparation of sol–gel coatings with specific chemical functions offers tailoring of their structure, texture and thickness and allows the fabrication of large coatings. The morphology and structure of the coatings were analysed using scanning electron microscopy with field effect gun (SEM-FEG), Mass spectroscopy of secondary ions (SIMS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The anticorrosion performances and the ageing effects of the coatings have been evaluated in neutral and aggressive media by using several normalized tests. The results show that the conversion layer was not sufficient to protect steel but sol–gel TiO2 coatings, anchored on the metal substrate via the conversion layer, show good adhesion with the substrate and act as a very efficient protective barrier against corrosion. So, duplex layers with TiO2 nanoparticle coatings on steels exhibit an excellent corrosion resistance due to a ceramic protective barrier on metal surface. Analysis of the data indicates that the films act as geometric blocking layers against exposure to the corrosive media and increase drastically the lifetime of the substrate

Visualising Personas as Goal Models to Find Security Tensions

This paper presents a tool-supported approach for visualising personas as social goal models, which can subsequently be used to identify security tensions. We devised an approach for partially automating the construction of social goal models from personas. We provide two examples of how this approach can be used to identify previously hidden implicit vulnerabilities, and validate ethical hazards faced by penetration testers and safeguards that address them. Visualising personas as goal models makes it easier for stakeholders to see implications of their goals being satisfied or denied, and designers to incorporate the creation and analysis of such models into the broader RE tool-chain. Our approach can be adopted with minimal changes to existing User Experience (UX) and goal modelling approaches and Security Requirements Engineering tools

THE MEANING OF THE IMMOVABLE GOODS SALE UNDER THE CURATOR’S HANDS

The verdict of bankruptcy statements against debtors change the legal status of a person to be incapable of carrying out legal actions. All arrangements and settlement of bankrupt debtor assets are carried out by the curator. One way of selling bankrupt assets is by selling under the hands of the curator with the permission of the supervisory judge. However, the Law does not explain what is meant by types of objects, especially immovable objects and the sale process under the hands of the supervisory judge's permission clearly and firmly. For these factds, this study aims at analyzing and finding the meaning of immovable objects sale under the hands of the curator. For this analysis, it uses such approaches as statute approach, conseptual approach, and case approach. The research result found out the concept that the immovable objects according to the type in guarantee law can be  qualified as land. The sale of immovable objects on bankrupt assets under the hands of the curator if the ownership rights in the debtor's name only require the supervisor's permission. However, if the bankrupt assets which ownership rights are in the name of a third party, the supervisory judge's permission is used to submit a request to the Commercial Court to determine the authority of the curator to sell immovable objects under the hand. The curator is responsible for errors and / or negligence in carrying out the management duties and / or settelement that causes losses to bankrupt assets, both in civil law and criminal law. Keywords: civil law and criminal law, bankrupt, immovable goods. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/87-21 Publication date:July 31st 201

Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Background: To contribute to the WHO initiative, VISION 2020: The Right to Sight, an assessment of global vision impairment in 2020 and temporal change is needed. We aimed to extensively update estimates of global vision loss burden, presenting estimates for 2020, temporal change over three decades between 1990–2020, and forecasts for 2050. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. Only studies with samples representative of the population and with clearly defined visual acuity testing protocols were included. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate 2020 prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of mild vision impairment (presenting visual acuity ≥6/18 and <6/12), moderate and severe vision impairment (<6/18 to 3/60), and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation); and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia (presenting near vision <N6 or <N8 at 40 cm where best-corrected distance visual acuity is ≥6/12). We forecast estimates of vision loss up to 2050. Findings: In 2020, an estimated 43·3 million (95% UI 37·6–48·4) people were blind, of whom 23·9 million (55%; 20·8–26·8) were estimated to be female. We estimated 295 million (267–325) people to have moderate and severe vision impairment, of whom 163 million (55%; 147–179) were female; 258 million (233–285) to have mild vision impairment, of whom 142 million (55%; 128–157) were female; and 510 million (371–667) to have visual impairment from uncorrected presbyopia, of whom 280 million (55%; 205–365) were female. Globally, between 1990 and 2020, among adults aged 50 years or older, age-standardised prevalence of blindness decreased by 28·5% (–29·4 to −27·7) and prevalence of mild vision impairment decreased slightly (–0·3%, −0·8 to −0·2), whereas prevalence of moderate and severe vision impairment increased slightly (2·5%, 1·9 to 3·2; insufficient data were available to calculate this statistic for vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia). In this period, the number of people who were blind increased by 50·6% (47·8 to 53·4) and the number with moderate and severe vision impairment increased by 91·7% (87·6 to 95·8). By 2050, we predict 61·0 million (52·9 to 69·3) people will be blind, 474 million (428 to 518) will have moderate and severe vision impairment, 360 million (322 to 400) will have mild vision impairment, and 866 million (629 to 1150) will have uncorrected presbyopia. Interpretation: Age-adjusted prevalence of blindness has reduced over the past three decades, yet due to population growth, progress is not keeping pace with needs. We face enormous challenges in avoiding vision impairment as the global population grows and ages

Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Background: Many causes of vision impairment can be prevented or treated. With an ageing global population, the demands for eye health services are increasing. We estimated the prevalence and relative contribution of avoidable causes of blindness and vision impairment globally from 1990 to 2020. We aimed to compare the results with the World Health Assembly Global Action Plan (WHA GAP) target of a 25% global reduction from 2010 to 2019 in avoidable vision impairment, defined as cataract and undercorrected refractive error. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity from <6/18 to 3/60) and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation) by cause, age, region, and year. Because of data sparsity at younger ages, our analysis focused on adults aged 50 years and older. Findings: Global crude prevalence of avoidable vision impairment and blindness in adults aged 50 years and older did not change between 2010 and 2019 (percentage change −0·2% [95% UI −1·5 to 1·0]; 2019 prevalence 9·58 cases per 1000 people [95% IU 8·51 to 10·8], 2010 prevalence 96·0 cases per 1000 people [86·0 to 107·0]). Age-standardised prevalence of avoidable blindness decreased by −15·4% [–16·8 to −14·3], while avoidable MSVI showed no change (0·5% [–0·8 to 1·6]). However, the number of cases increased for both avoidable blindness (10·8% [8·9 to 12·4]) and MSVI (31·5% [30·0 to 33·1]). The leading global causes of blindness in those aged 50 years and older in 2020 were cataract (15·2 million cases [9% IU 12·7–18·0]), followed by glaucoma (3·6 million cases [2·8–4·4]), undercorrected refractive error (2·3 million cases [1·8–2·8]), age-related macular degeneration (1·8 million cases [1·3–2·4]), and diabetic retinopathy (0·86 million cases [0·59–1·23]). Leading causes of MSVI were undercorrected refractive error (86·1 million cases [74·2–101·0]) and cataract (78·8 million cases [67·2–91·4]). Interpretation: Results suggest eye care services contributed to the observed reduction of age-standardised rates of avoidable blindness but not of MSVI, and that the target in an ageing global population was not reached. Funding: Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Théa, The Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg