Impact of changes in ocean freight rates on United States rice exports

The direction and magnitude of the future world rice market is of vital consideration for the rice industries of both exporting and importing countries. Many studies have analyzed the international rice trade; however, there has been no published research that attempted to examine the effects of ocean freight rates on international rice trade. The major objective of this study was to analyze the effects of ocean freight rates on the flows, supplies, demands, and prices of world rice shipments. A reactive programming model, within a spatial equilibrium analysis framework, was developed to obtain equilibrium level estimates of the variables mentioned above, to investigate the competitive position of major rice exporting countries, and to evaluate the effects of ocean freight rates in four different scenarios. The 1990 calendar year was used as the base year for the analysis. Optimum shipping patterns of rice exports from the U.S. to world markets in 1990 was obtained to compare with models of the four different mentioned scenarios. The results show that the competitive position of the U.S. rice industry would be reduced from its actual level in the world rice market under some trade conditions. That is, the U.S. rice industry would lose its export volumes under an optimum minimum cost trade market structure, while the position of U.S. competitors, such as China, Vietnam, and Thailand, would improve significantly. Also, the U.S. cargo preference policies did little to affect the world rice trade market structure. Likewise, the results indicated that even when ocean freight rates have an important influence on the international rice trade, its effect is significantly different in each exporting country. China would be the most sensitive country to changes in ocean freight rates, not only in terms of its level of exports, but also in terms of the configuration of its rice trade pattern. Vietnam and Thailand rice exports and trade patterns also would respond significantly to changes in ocean freight rates, while the response of the U.S., in the same terms, could be considered relatively minor. Changes in ocean freight rates are not recommended policies to enhance the competitive position of the U.S. rice industry. Other issues of policy, such as support to rice production and exports, and price policy, could be considered as more influential mechanisms to help the U.S. rice industry

Impact of changes in ocean freight rates on United States rice exports

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Economía y Planificación. Departamento Académico de Economía y PlanificaciónThe direction and magnitude of the future world rice market is of vital consideration for the rice industries of both exporting and importing countries. Many studies have analyzed the international rice trade; however, there has been no published research that attempted to examine the effects of ocean freight rates on international rice trade. The major objective of this study was to analyze the effeqts of ocean freight rates on the flows, supplies, demands, and prices of world rice shipments. A reactive programming model, within a spatial equilibrium analysis framework, was developed to obtain equilibrium level estimates of the variables mentioned above, to investigate the competitive position of major rice exporting countries, and to evaluate the effects of ocean freight rates in four different scenarios. The 1990 calendar year was used as the base year for the analysis. Optimum shipping patterns of rice exports from the U.S. to world markets in 1990 was obtained to compare with models of the four different mentioned scenarios. The results show that the competitive position of the U.S. rice industry would be reduced from its actual level in the world rice market under sorne trade conditions. That is, the u.s. rice industry would lose its export volumes under an optimum minimum cost trade market structure, while the position of U.S. competitors, such as China, Vietnam, and Thailand, would improve significantly. Also, the u.s. cargo preference policies did little to affect the world rice trade market structure.Likewise, the results indicated that even when ocean freight rates have an important influence on the international rice trade, its effect is significantly different in each exporting country. China would be the most sensitive country to changes in ocean freight rates, not only in terms of its level of exports, but also in terms of the configuration of its rice trade pattern. Vietnam and Thailand rice exports and trade patterns also would respond significantly to changes in ocean freight rates, while the response of the U.S., in the same terms, could be considered relatively minor. Changes in ocean freight rates are not recommended policies to enhance the competitive position of the U.S. rice industry. Other issues of policy, such as support to rice production and exports, and price policy, could be considered as more influential mechanisms to help the U.S. rice industry.Tesi

Capture and updated information from farm ipad device connection with or without

El presente estudio busca aplicar técnicas para compartir información geográfica en la web y que esta pueda ser editada por un usuario que esta por fuera de la organización desde un IPAD para que luego pueda ser cargada a una base de datos corporativa mediante una conexión a internet. El proyecto se enmarca desde un proceso de identificación predial donde se hace necesario levantar información espacial de los linderos prediales, capturar y/o actualizar información alfanumérica asociada al predio como: Nombre, folio de matrícula inmobiliaria, cedula catastral, vereda, propietario, poseedor etc. Dentro del proceso de levantar información desde un dispositivo móvil por fuera de la organización hay que tener presente que hay zonas del país que no cuenta con conexión a internet en especial las áreas rurales por lo cual se plantea una metodología en la que se utilizan servicio para capturar información geográfica con conexión a internet o sin ella y que esta pueda ser actualizada a la base de datos corporativa después de un tiempo cuando se logre una conexión a internet. El estudio busca mostrar servicios que permiten agilizar los procesos, optimizar recursos y tiempos en proyectos que requieren captura de información en campo.This study seeks to apply techniques for sharing geographic information on the web and that it can be edited by a user that is outside of the organization from an iPad to then can be loaded to a corporate database via an internet connection. The project falls from a farm identification process where it becomes necessary to raise property taxes spatial information boundaries, capture and / or update information associated with the property alphanumeric as: Name, Folio property registration, cadastral cedula, path, owner, holder etc. . In the process of lifting information from a mobile device outside the organization must be remembered that there are areas of the country that does not have internet in particular rural areas for which a methodology is proposed in which service is used to capture geographic information with internet or wrongly and that it can be updated to the corporate database after a time when an internet connection is achieved. The study seeks to show services that allow streamline processes, optimize resources and time in projects requiring data capture in the field

Multiple Solutions for a Semilinear Dirichlet Problem

The authors prove that a semilinear elliptic boundary value problem has five solutions when the range of the derivative of the nonlinearity includes at least the first two eigenvalues. Extensive use is made of Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction arguments, the mountain pass lemma, and characterizations of the local degree of critical points

Construyendo una lógica educativa en los juegos en Educación Física escolar: "el juego bueno"

En el siguiente artículo se presenta parte del trabajo de investigación-acción que venimos desarrollando en los últimos 18 años sobre el juego en Educación Física Escolar. Concretamente, mostramos algunas ideas a las que hemos llegado sobre el desarrollo del tema que denominamos "juego bueno". Se muestra cómo en los juegos, más allá de cambiar su lógica interna, en contextos educativos es importante transformar las lógicas personales de los participantes hacia lógicas educativas. Para ello trabajamos a partir de situaciones de juego que plantean problemas, identificamos situaciones a mejorar (en torno a temas sobre normativa, relaciones, o seguridad), y ponemos en común criterios de realización que permitan al alumnado intervenir superando las situaciones problemáticas y evaluar este cambio.This article summarizes a part of an action-research work about the educational potential of games in Physical Education within the school context, that we have been developing over the last 18 years. In this context, in this paperwe pay special attention to the emergent ideas around the topic thatwe call "good game". Restricting ourselves to educational contexts,we explain how important is to make an effort to transform the participants' personal logic, instead of (or previous to) the inner logic of the games. To promote this change, we work with game situations that pose problems; then, we identify the key points to be improved (regulatory issues, interrelations, safety); now, to develop de game, we share the criteria in order to enhace the implication of the students, their overcoming of the problematic situations, and their ability to assess changes

Slide-Down Prevention for Wheeled Mobile Robots on Slopes

Wheeled mobile robots on inclined terrain can slide down due to loss of traction and gravity. This type of instability, which is different from tip-over, can provoke uncontrolled motion or get the vehicle stuck. This paper proposes slide-down prevention by real-time computation of a straightforward stability margin for a given ground-wheel friction coefficient. This margin is applied to the case study of Lazaro, a hybrid skid-steer mobile robot with caster-leg mechanism that allows tests with four or five wheel contact points. Experimental results for both ADAMS simulations and the actual vehicle demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Preparation and characterization of sputtered hydroxyapatite thin films

In this work, hydroxyapatite (HAp) thin films were fabricated using two different sputtering techniques: Radio frequency magnetron sputtering and ion beam sputtering. In the first case, the films were grown on Ti-6Al-4V substrates using a high-purity commercial HAp target, obtaining a thickness ~200 nm. For the second method, the film were grown on pure titanium substrates using a self-produced HAp target. This target was fabricated with powders (Ca/P = 1.628, sintered and crushed). Here, the thickness of the fabricated film was ~300 nm. The sintering tests for the target fabrication were carried out using two different heating regimens at a maximum temperature of 1200 °C (holding time of 2h and 4h) using various additives. As additives, water (H2O), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used to improve the mechanical strength of the green discs. The as-deposited films were amorphous in both cases. Therefore, the films were annealed to increase the crystallinity. Annealing was performed in air for 2h at temperatures: 400, 600 and 800 °C for RF-magnetron sputter samples; 600 and 800 °C for ion beam sputter samples. The result of the films shows in both cases that the crystallinity of HAp was improved only for the annealed samples fabricated with ion beam sputtering at 800 °C. In both cases energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements show a decrease in Ca/P ratio with increasing the temperature. Hardness results revealed an increase in this with the increase in temperature possibly due to the formation of titanium oxide. The roughness for the fabricated films with the RFmagnetron sputtering increases till an annealing temperature of 600 °C and then decreases till 800 °C, while the roughness for the fabricated films with ion beam sputtering is higher in the as-deposited samples and then this is reduced by increasing the annealing temperature.Tesi