Central Solenoid Insert Technical Specification

The US ITER Project Office (USIPO) is responsible for the ITER central solenoid (CS) contribution to the ITER project. The Central Solenoid Insert (CSI) project will allow ITER validation the appropriate lengths of the conductors to be used in the full-scale CS coils under relevant conditions. The ITER Program plans to build and test a CSI to verify the performance of the CS conductor. The CSI is a one-layer solenoid with an inner diameter of 1.48 m and a height of 4.45 m between electric terminal ends. The coil weight with the terminals is approximately 820 kg without insulation. The major goal of the CSI is to measure the temperature margin of the CS under the ITER direct current (DC) operating conditions, including determining sensitivity to load cycles. Performance of the joints, ramp rate sensitivity, and stability against thermal or electromagnetic disturbances, electrical insulation, losses, and instrumentation are addressed separately and therefore are not major goals in this project. However, losses and joint performance will be tested during the CSI testing campaign. The USIPO will build the CSI that will be tested at the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) Test Facility at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Naka, Japan. The industrial vendors (the Suppliers) will report to the USIPO (the Company). All approvals to proceed will be issued by the Company, which in some cases, as specified in this document, will also require the approval of the ITER Organization. Responsibilities and obligations will be covered by respective contracts between the USIPO, called Company interchangeably, and the industrial Prime Contractors, called Suppliers. Different stages of work may be performed by more than one Prime Contractor, as described in this specification. Technical requirements of the contract between the Company and the Prime Contractor will be covered by the Fabrication Specifications developed by the Prime Contractor based on this document and approved by the Company and ITER. The Fabrication Specifications may reflect some national requirements and regulations that are not fully provided here. This document presents the ITER CSI specifications

Quantum entanglement of flux qubits via a resonator

We show that flux qubits can be efficiently entangled by inductive coupling to a tunable resonant circuit, in the scheme reminiscent of atoms' entanglement through the optical cavity mode. It is shown, in particular, that the single-photon excitation of the resonator produces the pure Bell state of qubits with the completely disentangled LC circuit

Lämmön talteenotto savupiipusta : saatava hyöty

Savumax Oy valmistaa savukaasuista hukkalämpöä talteenottavaa piippuratkaisua. Piipussa hormin ympärillä on vesivaippa, jonka vesi lämpenee kuumien savukaasujen vaikutuksesta. Lämmennyt vesi johdetaan lämminvesivaraajaan. Valmistaja ilmoittaa, että tällä ratkaisulla voisi saada talteen jopa 70 % savukaasujen hukkalämmöstä. Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka paljon pienen takan yhteyteen asennettu lämmöntalteenottopiippu saa energiaa talteen lämmitysprosessin aikana. Lämmöntalteenottopiippu asennettiin Oulussa sijaitsevan omakotitaloon. Palamisprosessin aikana mitattiin savukaasujen lämpötilaa piipun ylä- ja alaosasta, piippuun tulevan ja lähtevän veden lämpötilaa sekä vesivirtaa. Poltettavan polttoaineen määrä punnittiin ja selvitettiin painokosteusprosentti. Savukaasuanalyysin avulla selvitettiin palotapahtuman hyötysuhde. Kun piipun kautta veteen siirretyn energian määrää verrattiin poltetun puun kokonaisenergiaan, saatiin piipun kokonaishyötysuhteeksi 13,1 %. Suurin osa poltetun puun lämpöenergiasta varastoituu takkaan. Piippu ottaa talteen savukaasuista vain vapaita häviöitä. Kohteessa olevan takan vapaat savukaasuhäviöt polttoprosessin aikana olivat 25,5 % ja sidotut häviöt 2,6 %. Näistä molemmista savukaasuhäviöistä piippu otti talteen 46,9 % ja vapaista häviöistä saatiin talteen 51,9 %. Piipun hyötysuhteeseen vaikuttaa oleellisesti tulisijan hyötysuhde. Mitä kuumemmat savukaasut ovat, sitä enemmän vesivaippaan saadaan siirrettyä energiaa talteen, mutta silloin tulisijan hyötysuhde on huonompi. Tulisijan pitää kuiteinkin olla oikein rakennettu, jotta polttoaine palaa kunnolla. Polttotapahtuman ollessa epätäydellinen savukaasut sisältävät paljon sidottuja häviöitä, joita lämmöntalteenottopiippu ei saa talteen

Synthesis and Photophysics of the Optical Probe N1-Methyl-7-azatryptophan

The development of a new intrinsic optical probe of protein structure and dynamics, Nl-methyl-7- azatryptophan (1M7AT), is reported. The utility of this nonnatural amino acid derivative lies in its single-exponential, long-lived fluorescence decay (21.7 f 0.4 ns) and in its high fluorescence quantum yield (0.53 f 0.07). Its absorption and emission maxima are red-shifted 10 and 65 nm, respectively, from those of tryptophan. These characteristics permit its unambiguous detection with unprecedented discrimination against emission from multiply occurring native tryptophan residues. In a mixture of these two amino acids, no tryptophan signal is detected until the tryptophan: N1-methyl-7-azatryptopharna tio exceeds 75: 1. Consequently, NI-methyl-7-azatryptophains ideal for studying the interactions of small peptides containing it with large proteins

Photophysics and Biological Applications of 7-Azaindole and Its Analogs

7-Azaindole is the chromophoric moiety of 7-azatryptophan, which is an alternative to tryptophan as an optical probe of protein structure and dynamics. The great power of the 7-azaindole chromophore is that it is red shifted both in absorption and emission from tryptophan, that its fluorescence decay is single exponential in water under appropriate conditions, and that its emission is sensitive to solvent. In addition, 7-azatryptophan can be incorporated into synthetic peptides and bacterial protein. In this article, the interactions of 7-azaindole with its environment are discussed. Special attention is directed to the difference in its fluorescence properties in water as opposed to nonaqueous solvents. The sensitivity of 7-azaindole to its environment is demonstrated and then exploited by studying it and its analogs in peptides and in complexes with larger proteins containing many tryptophan residues

Inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 7.7 - 39 GeV

A systematic study is presented for centrality, transverse momentum ($p_T$) and pseudorapidity ($\eta$) dependence of the inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow ($v_2$) at midrapidity($|\eta| < 1.0$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV. The results obtained with different methods, including correlations with the event plane reconstructed in a region separated by a large pseudorapidity gap and 4-particle cumulants ($v_2{4}$), are presented in order to investigate non-flow correlations and $v_2$ fluctuations. We observe that the difference between $v_2{2}$ and $v_2{4}$ is smaller at the lower collision energies. Values of $v_2$, scaled by the initial coordinate space eccentricity, $v_{2}/\varepsilon$, as a function of $p_T$ are larger in more central collisions, suggesting stronger collective flow develops in more central collisions, similar to the results at higher collision energies. These results are compared to measurements at higher energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 62.4 and 200 GeV) and at the Large Hadron Collider (Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV). The $v_2(p_T)$ values for fixed $p_T$ rise with increasing collision energy within the $p_T$ range studied ($< 2 {\rm GeV}/c$). A comparison to viscous hydrodynamic simulations is made to potentially help understand the energy dependence of $v_{2}(p_{T})$. We also compare the $v_2$ results to UrQMD and AMPT transport model calculations, and physics implications on the dominance of partonic versus hadronic phases in the system created at Beam Energy Scan (BES) energies are discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures. Version accepted by PR

Plasma Wakefield Acceleration with a Modulated Proton Bunch

The plasma wakefield amplitudes which could be achieved via the modulation of a long proton bunch are investigated. We find that in the limit of long bunches compared to the plasma wavelength, the strength of the accelerating fields is directly proportional to the number of particles in the drive bunch and inversely proportional to the square of the transverse bunch size. The scaling laws were tested and verified in detailed simulations using parameters of existing proton accelerators, and large electric fields were achieved, reaching 1 GV/m for LHC bunches. Energy gains for test electrons beyond 6 TeV were found in this case.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

Partonic flow and ϕ\phi-meson production in Au+Au collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV

We present first measurements of the $\phi$-meson elliptic flow ($v_{2}(p_{T})$) and high statistics $p_{T}$ distributions for different centralities from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC. In minimum bias collisions the $v_{2}$ of the $\phi$ meson is consistent with the trend observed for mesons. The ratio of the yields of the $\Omega$ to those of the $\phi$ as a function of transverse momentum is consistent with a model based on the recombination of thermal $s$ quarks up to $p_{T}\sim 4$ GeV/$c$, but disagrees at higher momenta. The nuclear modification factor ($R_{CP}$) of $\phi$ follows the trend observed in the $K^{0}_{S}$ mesons rather than in $\Lambda$ baryons, supporting baryon-meson scaling. Since $\phi$-mesons are made via coalescence of seemingly thermalized $s$ quarks in central Au+Au collisions, the observations imply hot and dense matter with partonic collectivity has been formed at RHIC.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, submit to PR

Measurement of Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetries for Di-Jet Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at s=200\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV

We report the first measurement of the opening angle distribution between pairs of jets produced in high-energy collisions of transversely polarized protons. The measurement probes (Sivers) correlations between the transverse spin orientation of a proton and the transverse momentum directions of its partons. With both beams polarized, the wide pseudorapidity ($-1 \leq \eta \leq +2$) coverage for jets permits separation of Sivers functions for the valence and sea regions. The resulting asymmetries are all consistent with zero and considerably smaller than Sivers effects observed in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS). We discuss theoretical attempts to reconcile the new results with the sizable transverse spin effects seen in SIDIS and forward hadron production in pp collisions.Comment: 6 pages total, 1 Latex file, 3 PS files with figure