111 research outputs found
Quantitative relationship between infliximab exposure and inhibition of Câreactive protein synthesis to support inflammatory bowel disease management
Aim
Quantitative and kinetic insights into the drug exposureâdisease response relationship might enhance our knowledge on loss of response and support more effective monitoring of inflammatory activity by biomarkers in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with infliximab (IFX). This study aimed to derive recommendations for dose adjustment and treatment optimisation based on mechanistic characterisation of the relationship between IFX serum concentration and Câreactive protein (CRP) concentration.
Methods
Data from an investigatorâinitiated trial included 121 patients with IBD during IFX maintenance treatment. Serum concentrations of IFX, antidrug antibodies (ADA), CRP, and diseaseârelated covariates were determined at the midâterm and end of a dosing interval. Data were analysed using a pharmacometric nonlinear mixedâeffects modelling approach. An IFX exposureâCRP model was generated and applied to evaluate dosing regimens to achieve CRP remission.
Results
The generated quantitative model showed that IFX has the potential to inhibit up to 72% (9% relative standard error [RSE]) of CRP synthesis in a patient. IFX concentration leading to 90% of the maximum CRP synthesis inhibition was 18.4 ÎŒg/mL (43% RSE). Presence of ADA was the most influential factor on IFX exposure. With standard dosing strategy, â„55% of ADA+ patients experienced CRP nonremission. Shortening the dosing interval and coâtherapy with immunomodulators were found to be the most beneficial strategies to maintain CRP remission.
Conclusions
With the generated model we could for the first time establish a robust relationship between IFX exposure and CRP synthesis inhibition, which could be utilised for treatment optimisation in IBD patients
Liver transplantation in patients with a history of migration: A German single center comparative analysis
Liver transplant (LT) programs in Germany increasingly face a multiethnic patient population. To date no outcome data for LT in patients with a history of migration is available for Germany. This complicates decision-making before wait-listing such patients. We conducted a single-center cohort analysis of all primary LT between April 2007 and December 2015, stratified for the history of migration to investigate differences in the outcome. We found transplant rates resembling the proportion of persons with a history of migration in the general public in the region of our center. Differences were found concerning age at LT and prevalence of underlying diseases. Re-Transplant rates, Kaplan-Meier Estimates for overall survival, also after stratification for viral hepatitis, sex, ethnicity or presence of a language-barrier showed no statistical differences. The multivariate analysis showed no migration-related covariate associated with a negative outcome. These results stand in contrast to most of the previous evidence from North America and the UK and need to be taken into consideration during the wait-listing process of patients with a history of migration in need of a LT in centers in the Eurotransplant region
Increased Moisture Uptake of NCM622 Cathodes after Calendering due to Particle Breakage
As moisture presents a critical contamination in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), electrodes and separators need to be post-dried before cell assembly. The moisture adsorption, desorption and re-adsorption of electrodes during processing is strongly dependent on their material system, manufacturing route and microstructure. The microstructure, in turn, is significantly defined by the coating density, which is adjusted by calendering. As a consequence, the calendering step is expected to directly influence the moisture sorption behavior of electrodes. This is why the influence of different coating densities and structural properties on the moisture content of NCM622 cathodes was investigated in this study. For increasing density, an increasing moisture content was detected by Karl Fischer Titration and sorption measurements. SEM and BET analyses showed an increasing amount of NCM622 particle breakage, accompanied by a rising surface area. Hence, the increased moisture uptake of cathodes with higher density is mainly caused by a higher surface area, which results from particle cracking and breakage during calendering. Electrochemical analysis showed that the increased active surface area of cathodes with higher densities leads to a good performance during formation and at low C-rates. However, the reduced porosity impairs the ionic conductivity and causes capacity loss at higher C-rates
Benefit in liver transplantation: a survey among medical staff, patients, medical students and non-medical university staff and students
Background: The allocation of any scarce health care resource, especially a lifesaving resource, can create profound ethical and legal challenges. Liver transplant allocation currently is based upon urgency, a sickest-first approach, and does not utilize capacity to benefit. While urgency can be described reasonably well with the MELD system, benefit encompasses multiple dimensions of patients' well-being. Currently, the balance between both principles is ill-defined. Methods: This survey with 502 participants examines how urgency and benefit are weighted by different stakeholders (medical staff, patients on the liver transplant list or already transplanted, medical students and non-medical university staff and students). Results: Liver transplant patients favored the sickest-first allocation, although all other groups tended to favor benefit. Criteria of a successful transplantation were a minimum survival of at least 1 year and recovery of functional status to being ambulatory and capable of all self-care (ECOG 2). An individual delisting decision was accepted when the 1-year survival probability would fall below 50%. Benefit was found to be a critical variable that may also trigger the willingness to donate organs. Conclusions: The strong interest of stakeholder for successful liver transplants is inadequately translated into current allocation rules
Neutrino propagation in the Earth and emerging charged leptons with
Ultra-high-energy neutrinos serve as messengers of some of the highest energy
astrophysical environments. Given that neutrinos are neutral and only interact
via weak interactions, neutrinos can emerge from sources, traverse astronomical
distances, and point back to their origins. Their weak interactions require
large target volumes for neutrino detection. Using the Earth as a neutrino
converter, terrestrial, sub-orbital, and satellite-based instruments are able
to detect signals of neutrino-induced extensive air showers. In this paper, we
describe the software code that simulates tau neutrino and
muon neutrino interactions in the Earth and predicts the spectrum of the
-lepton and muons that emerge. The outputs are lookup
tables of charged lepton exit probabilities and energies that can be used
directly or as inputs to the code designed to simulate
optical and radio signals from extensive air showers induced by the emerging
charged leptons. We describe the inputs to the code, demonstrate its
flexibility and show selected results for -lepton and muon exit
probabilities and energy distributions. The code is open
source, available on github.Comment: 42 pages, 21 figures, code available at
https://github.com/NuSpaceSim/nupypro
Prevalence and clinical impact of endoscopic pseudomembranes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection
Background and aim: Limited data suggests that pseudomembranes are uncommon in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and C. difficile associated disease (CDAD), but the reason for this is unknown.
We aimed to evaluate the rate of pseudomembranes in this population, identify predictive factors for pseudomembranes' presence and assess its clinical impact.
Methods: This was a sub-study of a retrospective European Crohn's & Colitis Organization (ECCO) multi-center study on the outcome of hospitalized IBD patients with C. difficile. The present study included only patients who underwent lower endoscopy during hospitalization, and compared
demographic and clinical parameters in the group of patients with discernable pseudomembranes versus those without.
Results: Out of 155 patients in the original cohort, 93 patients underwent lower endoscopy and constituted the study population. Endoscopic pseudomembranes were found in 12 (13%) of these patients. Patients with pseudomembranes presented more commonly with fever (p=0.02) compared to patients without pseudomembranes. No difference between the two groups was found with respect to the use of immunosuppressant drugs, background demographics or disease
characteristics. Neither was there a difference between the group with or without pseudomembranes in the frequency of severe adverse clinical outcome or in the duration of hospitalization. On multi-variate analysis the presence of fever remained independently associated with the finding of
pseudomembranes (OR 6, 95% CI 1.2â32, p=0.03).
Conclusions: This study documents that hospitalized IBD patients with CDAD have low rate of endoscopic pseudomembranes, which is not accounted for by the use of immunosuppressant drugs. IBD patients with CDAD and discernable pseudomembranes more commonly present with
fever, but their clinical outcome is similar to patients without pseudomembranes.
© 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation
Protective immune trajectories in early viral containment of non-pneumonic SARS-CoV-2 infection
The antiviral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection can limit viral spread and prevent development of pneumonic COVID-19. However, the protective immunological response associated with successful viral containment in the upper airways remains unclear. Here, we combine a multi-omics approach with longitudinal sampling to reveal temporally resolved protective immune signatures in non-pneumonic and ambulatory SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and associate specific immune trajectories with upper airway viral containment. We see a distinct systemic rather than local immune state associated with viral containment, characterized by interferon stimulated gene (ISG) upregulation across circulating immune cell subsets in non-pneumonic SARS-CoV2 infection. We report reduced cytotoxic potential of Natural Killer (NK) and T cells, and an immune-modulatory monocyte phenotype associated with protective immunity in COVID-19. Together, we show protective immune trajectories in SARS-CoV2 infection, which have important implications for patient prognosis and the development of immunomodulatory therapies
Neural Network Based Approach to Recognition of Meteor Tracks in the Mini-EUSO Telescope Data
Mini-EUSO is a wide-angle fluorescence telescope that registers ultraviolet
(UV) radiation in the nocturnal atmosphere of Earth from the International
Space Station. Meteors are among multiple phenomena that manifest themselves
not only in the visible range but also in the UV. We present two simple
artificial neural networks that allow for recognizing meteor signals in the
Mini-EUSO data with high accuracy in terms of a binary classification problem.
We expect that similar architectures can be effectively used for signal
recognition in other fluorescence telescopes, regardless of the nature of the
signal. Due to their simplicity, the networks can be implemented in onboard
electronics of future orbital or balloon experiments.Comment: 15 page
A genetic progression model of Braf(V600E)-induced intestinal tumorigenesis reveals targets for therapeutic intervention.
We show that BRAF(V600E) initiates an alternative pathway to colorectal cancer (CRC), which progresses through a hyperplasia/adenoma/carcinoma sequence. This pathway underlies significant subsets of CRCs with distinctive pathomorphologic/genetic/epidemiologic/clinical characteristics. Genetic and functional analyses in mice revealed a series of stage-specific molecular alterations driving different phases of tumor evolution and uncovered mechanisms underlying this stage specificity. We further demonstrate dose-dependent effects of oncogenic signaling, with physiologic Braf(V600E) expression being sufficient for hyperplasia induction, but later stage intensified Mapk-signaling driving both tumor progression and activation of intrinsic tumor suppression. Such phenomena explain, for example, the inability of p53 to restrain tumor initiation as well as its importance in invasiveness control, and the late stage specificity of its somatic mutation. Finally, systematic drug screening revealed sensitivity of this CRC subtype to targeted therapeutics, including Mek or combinatorial PI3K/Braf inhibition
Acute mountain sickness.
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a clinical syndrome occurring in otherwise healthy normal individuals who ascend rapidly to high altitude. Symptoms develop over a period ofa few hours or days. The usual symptoms include headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, unsteadiness of gait, undue dyspnoea on moderate exertion and interrupted sleep. AMS is unrelated to physical fitness, sex or age except that young children over two years of age are unduly susceptible. One of the striking features ofAMS is the wide variation in individual susceptibility which is to some extent consistent. Some subjects never experience symptoms at any altitude while others have repeated attacks on ascending to quite modest altitudes. Rapid ascent to altitudes of 2500 to 3000m will produce symptoms in some subjects while after ascent over 23 days to 5000m most subjects will be affected, some to a marked degree. In general, the more rapid the ascent, the higher the altitude reached and the greater the physical exertion involved, the more severe AMS will be. Ifthe subjects stay at the altitude reached there is a tendency for acclimatization to occur and symptoms to remit over 1-7 days
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