Veredas da região sudeste: peculiaridades florísticas e estruturais e situação de conservação

The Mauritia flexuosa L. f. (Arecaceae) palm swamps (known as veredas in Brazil) are hygrophilous communities associated with hydromorphic soils in areas of headwaters, and feature special importance for water and biodiversity maintenance in the Cerrado biome. In northern Minas Gerais, the veredas have more complex structure and floristic composition in comparison with the veredas located in other parts of central Brazil, in the same biome. However, these areas are less studied and suffering various environmental impacts, which can uncharacterize them even before they are properly known. In the present work, a literature review was carried out, in which the age and the development of vegetation in the veredas of central Brazil and north of Minas Gerais were addressed. The conservation status and the importance of these areas for the biome were also discussed. Hence it was concluded that the veredas of the north of Minas Gerais are older than the veredas of central Brazil, suggesting that they are in a more advanced stage of ecological succession. However, many factors can influence the floristic composition and structure of these plant communities, requiring further studies involving ecological processes in veredas in order to elucidate those matters. Keywords: vegetational structure, ecological succession, palynological analysis.As veredas são comunidades higrófilas associadas a solos hidromórficos em áreas de nascentes, e apresentam importância singular para a manutenção hídrica e da diversidade biológica no bioma Cerrado. No norte de Minas Gerais, as veredas possuem estrutura e composição florística consideravelmente mais complexa do que as veredas localizadas em outras partes do Brasil central, dentro do mesmo domínio fitoecológico. Porém, são áreas pouco estudadas e que sofrem diversos impactos ambientais, que podem descaracterizá- las, antes mesmo que elas sejam conhecidas. No presente trabalho foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica, na qual foram abordados a idade e o desenvolvimento da vegetação das veredas do Brasil central e do norte de Minas Gerais. São discutidos, ainda, a situação de conservação e a importância dessas áreas para o bioma. Assim, concluiu-se que as veredas norte mineiras são mais antigas do que as veredas do Brasil central, podendo estar em um estágio mais avançado de sucessão ecológica. No entanto, muitos fatores podem influenciar a composição florística e a estrutura dessas comunidades vegetais, sendo necessários mais estudos envolvendo os processos ecológicos em veredas para que essa questão seja elucidada.Palavras-chave: análise palinológica, estrutura da vegetação, sucessão ecológic

Morphoanatomical, functional and evolutionary traits conditioning the adaptability of leguminosae in an edaphoclimatic gradient

Arquivo retido, a pedido da autora, até abril de 2020.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)A tese teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a diversidade filogenética, as características funcionais e o sucesso adaptativo de Leguminosae, representado pelas variáveis estruturais e dinâmicas dessa família em um gradiente edafoclimático na direção norte / sul do estado de Minas Gerais. O gradiente compreendeu formações de floresta decidual, no norte de Minas, floresta semidecidual no Campo das Vertentes, e floresta ombrófila nebular, no sul de Minas Gerais. Para tal, utilizamos dois inventários de dinâmica florestal (15 anos e três mensurações), dados de estrutura das leguminosas nas parcelas amostradas, variáveis químicas e texturais de solo, as dezenove variáveis bioclimáticas segundo o WorldClim, a diversidade beta-filogenética e características funcionais relativas à hidráulica das leguminosas, coletadas nas espécies presentes nas parcelas. Foram construídos modelos lineares generalizados mistos com todas as variáveis supracitadas no primeiro capítulo, e com características funcionais hidráulicas da madeira, solos e utilizando apenas as formações de Floresta Tropical Sazonalmente Seca (FTSS) no segundo capítulo. Através dos resultados, observamos que a estrutura das leguminosas foi fortemente relacionada às variáveis ambientais amostradas, principalmente com a altitude, variável que sintetiza clima e umidade, e à distância filogenética. A distribuição da família mostrou-se condicionada a ambientes secos, quentes e de solos férteis. Uma grande especialização em termos de funcionalidade foi observada nas florestas decíduas, diminuindo em direção às semideciduais e com as ombrófilas apresentando espécies mais generalistas em termos de habitat. Os indivíduos presentes nas florestas decíduas apresentam menor vulnerabilidade à cavitação por déficit de pressão de vapor do que os presentes em semideciduais. Florestas deciduais apresentaram leguminosas com estratégia ecológica conservativa, porém crescimento rápido, enquanto as semideciduais apresentaram funcionalidade compatível com uma característica aquisitiva, porém crescimento lento. Assim, apesar de tratadas como um bioma homogêneo, as FTSS apresentam estratégias ecológicas distintas em resposta à sazonalidade. Em florestas semideciduais, apesar da predominância de espécies aquisitivas, ocorreram espécies conservativas e pioneiras de crescimento muito rápido. Porém, houve aumento das leguminosas de crescimento lento na dinâmica das florestas semideciduais, mostrando que as mudanças climáticas podem estar favorecendo espécies tolerantes à altas temperaturas e maior déficit hídrico, influenciando a composição florística das florestas semideciduais. Esses resultados, além de auxiliarem na compreensão dos padrões biogeográficos envolvidos na distribuição da família, podem ser utilizados para predizer as respostas de Leguminosae mediante as mudanças climáticas, e consequentemente, estabelecer estratégias de conservação das comunidades vegetais.This thesis aimed to assess relationships among phylogenetic diversity, functional traits and adaptive success of the family Leguminosae, represented by variables related to the structure and dynamics of this family in an edaphoclimatic gradient across the north / south direction of the Minas Gerais state. Said gradient comprises deciduous forest formations, in the northern portion of the state, semideciduous forests in the Campo das Vertentes mesoregion and ombrophilous nebular forests in southern Minas Gerais. To achieve our aim, we used data from two forest dynamics inventories (15 years and three measurements), structural data about the legumes in the sampled plots, chemical and textural soil variables, the nineteen bioclimatic variables from WorldClim, phylogenetic beta diversity and hydraulic-related functional traits collected from legume species within the forest plots. In the first chapter we fitted generalized linear mixed-effects models with all the aforementioned variables, and in the second chapter, with hydraulic-related wood functional traits, soils and using only data from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) formations. From our results, we could observe that Leguminosae structure was strongly related to the sampled environmental variables, especially with altitude, which synthesizes climate and humidity, as well as to phylogenetic distance. This family distribution revealed conditioned to dry, hot and fertile environments. We found conspicuous functional specialization in the observed deciduous forests, with a decrease in specialization towards the semideciduous formations, and the presence of more generalist legume species, in terms of habitat, in the ombrophilous forests. The individuals collected in the deciduous forests presented lower vulnerability to cavitation by water vapour pressure deficit than those from semideciduous forests. Legume individuals from deciduous forests showed conservative ecological strategies, but with fast growth, while the individuals from the semideciduous formations revealed a functionality more compatible with an acquisitive strategy, but with slower growth. Thus, although usually regarded as a homogeneous biome, the SDTFs present distinct ecological strategies in response to seasonality. In semideciduous forests, despite the predominance of acquisitive species, we also found conservative and rapid-growth pioneer species. However, we recognised an increase in slow-growth legume species in the semideciduous forests dynamics, showing that climate change may be favou ring species that are tolerant to high temperatures and water deficit, influencing the floristic composition of semideciduous forests. Beyond increasing the understanding of the biogeographic patterns involved in the Leguminosae distribution, these results can provide insights about the Leguminosae responses to climate change and, consequently, they can be used to establish plant community conservation strategies

Etnobotânica de plantas medicinais utilizadas no distrito de Vista Alegre, Claro dos Poções – Minas Gerais

Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-26T17:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) nathalle_cristine_alencar_et_all.pdf: 549175 bytes, checksum: c9063893c0bed8e65a0119b7e7920d74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 25Universidade Federal de Lavras. Lavras, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia. Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências. Campus Paulo Freire. Teixeira de Freitas, BA, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Campus Montes Claros. Montes Claros, MG, Brasil.Um estudo etnobotânico do uso de plantas medicinais foi realizado em Vista Alegre, distrito de Claro dos Poções - MG, de Novembro/2009 a Maio/2010. Em um total de 37 pessoas, 22 mulheres e 15 homens foram entrevistados. A idade dos participantes variou de 29 a 90 anos, onde 46% apresentaram idade entre 61 e 76 anos, e 19% entre 77 e 90 anos. Foram identificadas 101 espécies utilizadas como medicinais distribuídas em 46 famílias botânicas, em que, as mais representativas foram Fabaceae (17 spp.) e Asteraceae (10 spp.). As espécies Amburana cearensis (IR = 2,0) e Croton antisyphiliticus (IR = 1,6) tiveram maior importância relativa. A maioria das espécies é nativa do Brasil (85%). Os resultados mostram que os informantes têm um grande conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais nativas da região. Portanto, este trabalho pode representar uma forma de resgate cultural, já que este conhecimento encontra-se nas pessoas mais velhas.An ethnobotanical study on use of medicinal plants was conducted at Vista Alegre district, Claro dos Poções - MG, from November/2009 to May/2010. In a total of 37 people, 22 women and 15 men were interviewed. The age of respondents ranged from 29 to 90 years, where 46% between 61 and 76 years and 19% between 77 and 90 years. They identified 101 species used in traditional medicine distributed in 46 botanical families, the most representative were Fabaceae (17 spp.) and Asteraceae (10 spp.). The species Amburana cearensis (IR = 2.0) and Croton antisyphiliticus (IR = 1.6) had higher relative importance. The species are mostly Brazilian native (85%).The results show that the informants have great knowledge of native medicinal plants of the region; therefore, this work may represent a form of cultural revival, since this knowledge focuses on older people

SOBREVIVÊNCIA E CRESCIMENTO DE SETE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS NATIVAS EM UMA ÁREA DEGRADADA DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL DECIDUAL, NORTE DE MINAS GERAIS1

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento e sobrevivência de sete espécies arbóreas nativas em diferentes tratamentos, em uma área degradada na Reserva da COPASA (Juramento, MG). Para tal, foram utilizados aproximadamente 1,2 ha da área, onde foram plantadas 899 mudas, de sete espécies nativas (Anadenanthera colubrina, Copaifera langsdorffii, Dilodendron bipinatum, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Pterogyne nitens, Schinopsis brasiliensis e Senegalia polyphylla), acompanhadas durante 24 meses. A área foi dividida em cinco parcelas de 0,24 ha, que representaram os seguintes tratamentos: (T1) parcela semeada com capim (Brachiaria sp.); (T2) parcela onde as covas foram tratadas com condicionador de solo; (T3) parcela semeada com capim consorciado com leguminosa (Cajanus cajan); (T4) parcela semeada com leguminosa; e (T5) controle. A porcentagem de mortalidade foi maior no T2 e menor no T3, sendo as espécies C. langsdorffii (43,66%) e S. brasiliensis (11,64%) aquelas com maior e menor porcentagem de mortalidade, respectivamente. O crescimento (altura e diâmetro) das mudas foi maior no T2 (24,32 ± 26,05 cm e 0,51 ± 0,37 mm, respectivamente) e menor no T1 (10,82 ± 22,57 cm e 0,26 ± 0,27 mm; respectivamente). As espécies com maior crescimento em altura foram A. colubrina e S. polyphylla, já D. bipinatum e S. brasiliensis apresentaram maior crescimento em diâmetro. Pterogyne nitens apresentou o menor crescimento, além de alta mortalidade, mostrando baixa capacidade de estabelecimento em ambientes degradados

Riparian vegetation structure and soil variables in Pandeiros river, Brazil

Abstract This study analyzed the floristic, structural variations and their relationships with soil variables in two stretches of riparian vegetation in an ecotonal region between savanna and semiarid zones. We following the hypothesis of despite the proximity between the sampled areas, soil conditions are distinct and lead to changes in structure and composition of the vegetation. This study was development at EPA of Pandeiros River, Minas Gerais, where we allocated 140 plots of 10 × 10 m (100 m2), with 10 m distance between plots, in two areas of riparian vegetation, named Larga and São Domingos (70 plots in each area), where we conducted the phytosociological survey and collected soil samples. In total, 751 arboreal individuals were sampled, distributed in 89 species and 35 botanical families. The areas differed strongly in structure and species composition, and showed floristic peculiarities and influence of surrounding vegetation. Despite of low distance between the sampled areas, these are singular environments influenced by different soils, by the mixed composition of the ecotonal area and the anthropogenic impacts to which they are exposed

Survival of Saplings in Recovery of Riparian Vegetation of Pandeiros River (MG)

<div><p>ABSTRACT This study monitored the survival of saplings planted according to different recovery models in a riparian forest of the Pandeiros river (Januária, MG). The models consisted of planting the saplings in lines of 2 or 4 m with presence (T2S and T4S, respectively) or absence of direct seeding (T2 and T4, respectively). We planted 16,259 saplings of 17 botanical families, 32 genera and 33 species. The saplings, in general, presented a survival rate after one year of 34.4% (±1.8). The species with highest survival rates were Jacaranda brasiliana, with 85.0% (±13.5) of survival, Anadenanthera colubrina, with 70.1% (±7.0), and Triplaris gardneriana, with 69.3% (±9.1). Survival did not vary between the models tested, probably due to the short evaluation period (12 months).</p></div

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

NERC Knowledge Exchange Fellowship (NE/V018760/1) to E.N.H.C.The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

Abstract: The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

Funder: A Moore Foundation grant, Royal Society Global Challenges grant (Sensitivity of Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services to Climate Changes), CNPq grants (441282/2016-4, 403764/2012-2 and 558244/2009-2), FAPEAM grants 1600/2006, 465/2010 and PPFOR 147/2015, CNPq grants 473308/2009-6 and 558320/2009-0. European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant 291585 – ‘T-FORCES’), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (#1656 ‘RAINFOR’, and ‘MonANPeru’), the European Union’s Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Framework Programme (EVK2-CT-1999-00023 – ‘CARBONSINK-LBA’, 283080 – ‘GEOCARBON’, 282664 – ‘AMAZALERT), the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/ D005590/1 – ‘TROBIT’, NE/F005806/1 – ‘AMAZONICA’, E/M0022021/1 - ‘PPFOR’), several NERC Urgency and New Investigators Grants, the NERC/State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) consortium grants ‘BIO-RED’ (NE/N012542/1), ‘ECOFOR’ (NE/K016431/1, 2012/51872-5, 2012/51509-8), ‘ARBOLES’ (NE/S011811/1, FAPESP 2018/15001-6), ‘SEOSAW’ (NE/P008755/1), ‘SECO’ (NE/T01279X/1), Brazilian National Research Council (PELD/CNPq 403710/2012-0), the Royal Society (University Research Fellowships and Global challenges Awards) (ICA/R1/180100 - ‘FORAMA’), the National Geographic Society, US National Science Foundation (DEB 1754647) and Colombia’s Colciencias. We thank the National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) for support to the Cerrado/Amazonia Transition Long-Term Ecology Project (PELD/441244/2016-5), the PPBio Phytogeography of Amazonia/Cerrado Transition Project (CNPq/PPBio/457602/2012-0), PELD-RAS (CNPq, Process 441659/2016-0), RESFLORA (Process 420254/2018-8), Synergize (Process 442354/2019-3), the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – Embrapa (SEG: 02.08.06.005.00), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP (2012/51509-8 and 2012/51872-5), the Goiás Research Foundation (FAPEG/PELD: 2017/10267000329) the EcoSpace Project (CNPq 459941/2014-3) and several PVE and Productivity Grants. We also thank the “Investissement d’Avenir” program (CEBA, ref. ANR-10LABX-25-01), the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 03/12595-7) and the Sustainable Landscapes Brazil Project (through Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), the US Forest Service, USAID, and the US Department of State) for supporting plot inventories in the Atlantic Forest sites in Sao Paulo, Brazil. L.E.O.C.A. was supported by CNPq (processes 305054/2016-3 and 442371/2019-5). We thank to the National Council for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for the financial support of the PELD project (441244/2016-5, 441572/2020-0) and FAPEMAT (0346321/2021). NE/B503384/1, NE/N012542/1 - ‘BIO-RED’, ERC Advanced Grant 291585 - ‘T-FORCES’, NE/F005806/1 - ‘AMAZONICA’, NE/N004655/1 - ‘TREMOR’, NERC New Investigators Awards, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (‘RAINFOR’, ‘MonANPeru’), ERC Starter Grant 758873 -‘TreeMort’, EU Framework 6, a Royal Society University Research Fellowship, and a Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship.The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected