A criterion for DT gas thermonuclear ignition by a focusing spherical shock wave

Conditions for thermonuclear ignition of deuterium-tritium (DT) gas by a focusing ideally symmetric shock wave are estimated. The wave is focused to the center and then reflects. In so doing a higher-pressure zone is produced following the front of the shock wave reflected from the center; if the wave is intensive enough, the DT gas thermonuclear ignition can occur in the zone. The ignition criterion can be written as ρ₀r₀u₀²² ≥1, where ρ₀ is initial DT gas density, [ρ₀] = g/cm³, u₀ is mass velocity following the converging shock wave front of radius r₀, [r₀] = cm, [u₀] = 10⁷ cm/sec.Зроблено оцінку умов термоядерного запалювання дейтерій-тритієвого (ДТ) газу сфокусованою ідеально симетричною ударною хвилею. Хвиля фокусується в центрі і потім відбивається назад. Таким способом створюється зона високого тиску, що супроводить фронт відбитої від центра ударної хвилі. Якщо хвиля достатньо інтенсивна, в цій зоні може відбутися термоядерне запалювання ДТ-газу. Критерій такого запалювання може бути записано як ρ₀r₀u₀²² ≥1, де ρ₀ - густина початкового ДТ-газу, г/cм³; u₀ - швидкість маси, яка іде за фронтом ударної хвилі, що сходиться, в радіусі r₀, [r₀] = cм, [u₀] = 10⁷ см/с.Оценены условия термоядерного поджигания дейтерий-тритиевого (ДТ) газа сфокусированной идеально симметричной ударной волной. Волна фокусируется в центре и затем отражается. Таким способом образуется зона высокого давления, следующая за фронтом ударной волны, отраженной от центра. Если волна достаточно интенсивна, в этой зоне может произойти термоядерное поджигание ДТ-газа. Критерий такого поджигания может быть записан как ρ₀r₀u₀²² ≥1, где ρ₀ - плотность начального ДТ-газа, г/cм³; u₀ - скорость массы, следующей за фронтом ударной сходящейся волны в радиусе r₀, [r₀] = cm, [u₀] = 10⁷см/

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: new models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe

Aims The aim of this study was to develop, validate, and illustrate an updated prediction model (SCORE2) to estimate 10-year fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in individuals without previous CVD or diabetes aged 40-69 years in Europe.Methods and results We derived risk prediction models using individual-participant data from 45 cohorts in 13 countries (677 684 individuals, 30 121 CVD events). We used sex-specific and competing risk-adjusted models, including age, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, and total- and HDL-cholesterol. We defined four risk regions in Europe according to country-specific CVD mortality, recalibrating models to each region using expected incidences and risk factor distributions. Region-specific incidence was estimated using CVD mortality and incidence data on 10 776 466 individuals. For external validation, we analysed data from 25 additional cohorts in 15 European countries (1 133 181 individuals, 43 492 CVD events). After applying the derived risk prediction models to external validation cohorts, C-indices ranged from 0.67 (0.65-0.68) to 0.81 (0.76-0.86). Predicted CVD risk varied several-fold across European regions. For example, the estimated 10-year CVD risk for a 50-year-old smoker, with a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg, total cholesterol of 5.5 mmol/L, and HDL-cholesterol of 1.3 mmol/L, ranged from 5.9% for men in low- risk countries to 14.0% for men in very high-risk countries, and from 4.2% for women in low-risk countries to 13.7% for women in very high-risk countries.Conclusion SCORE2-a new algorithm derived, calibrated, and validated to predict 10-year risk of first-onset CVD in European populations-enhances the identification of individuals at higher risk of developing CVD across Europe.Cardiolog