O PROTAGONISMO ESTUDANTIL COMO BASE PARA UMA FORMAÇÃO MÉDICA DE QUALIDADE: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA.

Introduction: Medical Education proposed by the traditional curriculum of universities is insufficient for quality professional training. Thus, it is clear that, despite the development of different spheres and skills in leadership by the individual being essential, the aforementioned grid still persists in medical schools. In order to promote a change in this reality, this paper reports the experience of students from the first period of medicine who managed to develop these skills through positions in different areas of activity. Experience report: On the subject of remote education, medicine freshmen decided to work in leadership and management of people in areas of action in a student organization. Areas such as Capacity Building, Administration, Marketing, Research and Activities in Medical Education and Human Rights and Peace were related to the performance of each of the freshmen through educational interventions and activities, in order to meet the demands of other students linked to this organization, supplementing the regular curriculum. Discussion: The exclusively hospital-centered and technical medical curriculum becomes insufficient for a quality Medical Education. Therefore the participation in extracurricular activities becomes essential as a complement to the professional's training. Thus, developing leadership skills and abilities and encouraging different activities can not only provide personal development, but also allow for an exchange of knowledge between students and the population involved in the activities, in addition to providing professional development from the beginning of graduation. Conclusion: Based on the experience of this report, students were able to develop leadership skills and acquire essential responsibilities to medical training since the first period of medical school. Therefore, the description of the experience of this work encourages the reproducibility of similar initiatives that can contribute to quality medical training for future health professionals.Introdução: A Educação Médica proposta pela matriz curricular tradicional da maioria das universidades no país é insuficiente para a formação profissional de qualidade, por pouco incentivar,  apesar de ser essencial, o desenvolvimento  de diferentes esferas e habilidades em liderança pelos discentes. A fim de fomentar a mudança dessa realidade, este trabalho relata a experiência de estudantes do primeiro período de medicina que conseguiram desenvolver essas habilidades por meio de cargos em diversos eixos de atuação. Relato da experiência: No contexto do ensino remoto, calouros de medicina decidiram atuar em cargos de liderança e de gestão de pessoas com eixos de atuação em uma organização estudantil. Eixos como Capacity Building, Administração, Marketing, Pesquisa e Atividades em Educação Médica e Direitos Humanos e Paz foram referentes à atuação de cada um dos calouros por meio de intervenções educativas e atividades, a fim de atender demandas de outros estudantes vinculados a essa organização, suplementando a matriz curricular regular. Discussão: O currículo médico exclusivamente hospitalocêntrico e técnico se torna insuficiente para uma Educação Médica de qualidade, logo a participação em atividades extracurriculares se torna essencial para uma complementação da formação do profissional. Dessa forma,  desenvolver competências e habilidades em liderança e incentivar diferentes atividades podem não só proporcionar um desenvolvimento pessoal, mas também permitir uma troca de conhecimento entre discentes e a população envolvida nas atividades, além de propiciar um desenvolvimento profissional desde o início da graduação. Conclusão: A partir da experiência deste relato, os estudantes conseguiram desenvolver habilidades de liderança e adquirir responsabilidades essenciais à formação médica desde o primeiro período do curso de medicina. Logo a descrição da experiência deste trabalho incentiva a reprodutibilidade de iniciativas semelhantes que possam contribuir para a formação médica de qualidade para futuros profissionais da saúde

A PRODUÇÃO DE UM JOGO RPG ELETRÔNICO COMO ABORDAGEM INTEGRADA DE SISTEMAS DO CORPO HUMANO: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA

Introduction: The traditional education, based on expositive classes in which the teachers are the protagonists and the students are put as passive spectators, is still used by the majority of educational institutions. However, some methods can make students directly responsible for their knowledge and have shown to be effective in encouraging autonomy and reasoning. Furthermore, during the Covid-19 pandemic, there was a need to change the way of teaching, investing in active and attractive methodologies, such as electronic games, to ensure that learning is satisfying.Therefore, the objective of this report is to describe the experience of elaborating an educational game for and to medical students. Experience report: Based on the proposal of an academic work from the medical course, the game "Pâncrea Bit", a storyteller role playing game, was created and it integrated some subjects as diabetes 3C and chronic pancreatitis by a group with 13 participants which divided the functions. In addition, an educational material was produced with the topics covered in the game and complementary image animations. Discussion: Although there is no scientific proof of the efficiency of the educational method utilizing games in comparison to the traditional when analyzing the professionals quality, it is already known that this kind of teaching gives more satisfaction to the students.This was demonstrated by the massive participation of other students in conducting and solving the “Pâncrea Bit” quizzes. Conclusion: The gamification aroused interest, motivation and introduced the student as protagonist besides contributing to long-term memory, showing that is a valid  and applicable method to concretize knowledge in every learning stage.Introdução: A forma tradicional de educação, baseada em aulas expositivas, nas quais os professores são figuras protagonistas e o estudante é colocado na posição de espectador passivo, ainda é a mais utilizada pela maioria das instituições de ensino. Entretanto, alguns métodos podem transformar o estudante em ator diretamente responsável pela obtenção do seu conhecimento e demonstram ser eficazes ao incentivar autonomia e raciocínio. Ademais, durante a pandemia do Covid-19, houve a necessidade de modificação do método de ensino, sendo necessário o investimento em metodologias ativas e atrativas, como jogos eletrônicos, para garantir que a aprendizagem ocorra de forma satisfatória. Portanto, este relato objetiva descrever a experiência da elaboração de um jogo didático por estudantes de medicina para seus pares. Relato de experiência: A partir da proposta de um trabalho acadêmico do curso de medicina, houve a criação do jogo intitulado “Pâncrea Bit”, do tipo role playing game (RPG) storyteller, no qual houve a integração de conteúdos do curso médico (diabetes tipo 3C e pancreatite crônica) e a divisão de funções entre os 13 integrantes do grupo. Ademais, foi produzido um material didático com os assuntos abordados do jogo e animações em imagens complementares. Discussão: Apesar de não haver comprovação científica da eficácia do método ativo, através de jogos, em relação ao método tradicional, quando se trata de formar melhores profissionais, sabe-se que essa forma de ensino aumenta a satisfação do educando. Isso foi demonstrado com a participação maciça de outros estudantes na condução e resolução dos quizzes do “Pâncrea Bit”. Conclusão: A gamificação despertou interesse, motivação e introdução do aluno como protagonista, além de contribuir para a memória de longo prazo, mostrando-se um método válido e aplicável para a solidificação do conhecimento em diversos estágios de aprendizagem

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution