När vikten väger in- en analys av det arbetsrättsliga skyddet för överviktiga i svensk rätt ur ett EU-rättsligt perspektiv

Övervikt synes vara ett förödande socialt stigma, inte minst på arbetsmarknadens område. Med beaktande av detta är syftet med förevarande uppsats att utreda och analysera överviktiga personers arbetsrättsliga skydd vid anställningens ingående, under pågående anställning samt vid anställningens avslutande. Uppsatsen fokuserar på rättsområdena diskrimineringsskydd, anställningsskydd, arbetsmiljöskydd samt integritetsskydd. EU-rättens utveckling, genom att FN konventionen numer utgör en del av unionsrätten inom ramen för diskrimineringsskyddet, vilket bl.a. fastslogs genom de förenade målen HK Danmark mot Dansk almennyttig Boligselskab/Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, har öppnat för att överviktiga personer med varaktig arbetsnedsättning ska kunna omfattas av diskrimineringsgrunden funktionshinder. För överviktiga som omfattas av funktionshinderbegreppet erbjuder diskrimineringslagen ett omfattande skydd. Arbetsgivaren har en vidsträckt skyldighet att trygga en god arbetsmiljö för överviktiga, enligt direktiv 89/391/EG som implementerats genom arbetsmiljölagen. Rehabiliterings- och anpassningsåtgärder aktualiseras dock endast för de överviktiga arbetstagare som är sjuka. Detta utgör i princip samma grupp av överviktiga arbetstagare, som i ett senare stadium även skulle kunna omfattas av diskrimineringslagens funktionshinderbegrepp. Skydd för överviktiga personers integritet stadgas i bl.a. art. 8 EKMR och art. 3 EU-stadgan. Privata arbetsgivares möjligheter att samla in uppgifter om arbetssökandes hälsa samt att begära hälsokontroller har i vissa fall ansetts falla inom ramen för arbetsgivarens arbetsledningsrätt. Av praxis framgår dock att det är nödvändigt att göra en avvägning mellan arbetsgivarens intresse av kontroll och arbetstagarens rätt till personlig integritet. Genom granskning av praxis framgår att integritetskränkningar av överviktiga i princip endast kan accepteras om åtgärderna är nödvändiga för att arbetsgivaren ska kunna uppfylla sina skyldigheter enligt arbetsmiljölagen. Det kan vidare konstateras att kombinationen av att en arbetsgivare ej är skyldig att iaktta turordningsreglerna i samband med omplacering, att verksamhetsskälen till en arbetsbrist sällan överprövas av domstol, att förekomsten av arbetsbrist i en situation med splittrad motivbild konsumerar andra bakomliggande skäl av personlig karaktär samt att 23 § LAS har ett snävt tillämpningsområde, medför att anställningsskyddslagen erbjuder ett begränsat skydd mot godtyckliga uppsägningar av överviktiga arbetstagare. En slutsats som kunnat dras är att det arbetsrättsliga skyddet inte väger upp det faktum att överviktiga utgör en mycket heterogen grupp. Detta blir särskilt tydligt då endast en mindre grupp överviktiga kan erhålla diskrimineringsskydd.Excess weight or obesity appears to be a devastating social stigma, especially in the employment sector. Taking this into account, the aim of this thesis is to investigate and analyse overweight peoples’ Labour Law protection during the recruitment process, during employment and on termination of employment. The thesis’ main focus is on protection from discrimination, employment protection, workers environment protection and privacy rights. EU Law has developed in the direction so that the United Nations Convention now constitutes a part of EU law within the area of protection from discrimination, which was established by the joint cases HK Danmark mot Dansk almennyttig Boligselskab/Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening. This development has created a possibility for overweight employees with an illness that causes a permanent limitation to be included in the concept of disability. The anti-discrimination law provides considerable protection for overweight individuals covered by the disability concept. According to the Framework Directive 89/391/ EC, as implemented by the Swedish Work Environment Act, the employer has an extensive obligation to ensure a good working environment for overweight employees. However, rehabilitation and adjustment measures come into play only if the employee is suffering from illness. This represents basically the same group of people that at a later stage might be included in the concept of disability in Council Directive 2000/78/EC. The protection for overweight employee’s privacy rights is provided by (inter alia) the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms article 8 and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU article 3. It has sometimes been considered that private employers’ possibility to collect data and to require physical examination has fallen within in the scope of the employers’ labour management rights. However this is not always the situation and case law shows that the employers’ interest in the physical examination must be balanced against the employees’ interest of privacy. It can be found in established practice from the Swedish Labour Court that privacy rights violations of overweight employees’ in principle only should be accepted if deemed necessary for the employer to fulfil his obligations according to the Work Environment Act. Furthermore, it is found that the combination of the employers’ right to reassign employees regardless of priority rules, the fact that the courts rarely review reasons for redundancy, that the presence of redundancy masks other underlying reasons of a personal nature, and the narrow application of LAS §23 all entail that the Employment Protection Act provides only a limited protection for overweight employees against arbitrary termination of employment. One conclusion that can be made from the thesis is that Labour Law protection doesn’t take into account that overweight people represents a heterogeneousness group. This becomes particularly clear as only a limited group of overweight people is covered by the protection provided by the Swedish Discrimination Act

The complexity of mesoporous silica nanomaterials unravelled by single molecule microscopy

Mesoporous silica nanomaterials are a novel class of materials that offer a highly complex porous network with nanometre-sized channels into which a wide amount of differently sized guests can be incorporated. This makes them an ideal host for various applications for example in catalysis, chromatography and nanomedicine. For these applications, analyzing the host properties and understanding the complicated host–guest interactions is of pivotal importance. In this perspective we review some of our recent work that demonstrates that single molecule microscopy techniques can be utilized to characterize the porous silica host with unprecedented detail. Furthermore, the single molecule studies reveal sample heterogeneities and are a highly efficient tool to gain direct mechanistic insights into the host–guest interactions. Single molecule microscopy thus contributes to a thorough understanding of these nanomaterials enabling the development of novel tailor-made materials and hence optimizing their applicability significantly

“Skapandet har alltid varit det som drivit en” - En kvalitativ studie om arbetsmotivation

In the new emerging industries there is a changed view of the relationship between work and life outside work, changed view of the work environment. The aim of this study was to use a qualitative approach to examine the factors that affect the work motivation. The study was conducted at a medium-sized game studio in the south of Sweden, using data obtained from both an observational study and semistructured interviews. In this study we noticed the importance of colleague skills and the importance of feeling like an important part of the product for work motivation. The fact that the par-ticipants had their duties as a hobby contributed both to a higher work moti-vation, which in turn could lead to higher degree of creativity, and a strong sense of belonging.I de nya växande branscherna finns det en förändrad syn på relationen mellan arbete och fritid, förändrad syn på arbetsmiljön och det sociala på arbetsplatsen. Syfte med denna studie var att genom en kvalitativ metod undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar den upplevda arbetsmotivationen. Studien genomfördes på en mellanstor spelstudio i södra delen av Sverige. Datainsamling skedde genom såväl en observationsstudie som semistrukturerade intervjuer. I denna studie framkom bland annat betydelsen av arbetskollegornas kom-petens samt betydelsen av att känna sig som en viktig del i produkten för arbetsmotivation. Det faktum att deltagarna även hade sina arbetsuppgifter som hobby bidrog både till en högre arbetsmotivation, som i sin tur kunde leda till högra grad av kreativitet, och till en stark känsla av samhörighet

Optimal Diagnostic and Treatment Practices for Facial Dysostosis Syndromes:A Clinical Consensus Statement Among European Experts

Facial dysostosis syndromes (FDS) are rare congenital conditions impacting facial development, often leading to diverse craniofacial abnormalities. This study addresses the scarcity of evidence on these syndromes about optimal diagnostic and treatment practices. To overcome this scarcity, European experts from ERN CRANIO collaborated to develop a clinical consensus statement through the Delphi consensus method. A systematic search of Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was conducted until February 2023. The quality of evidence was evaluated using various tools depending on the study design. Statements were subsequently formed based on literature and expert opinion, followed by a Delphi process with expert health care providers and patient representatives. In total, 92 experts from various specialties and three patient representatives were involved in the Delphi process. Over 3 voting rounds, consensus was achieved on 92 (46.9%), 58 (59.2%), and 19 (70.4%) statements, respectively. These statements cover the topics of general care; craniofacial reconstruction; the eyes and lacrimal system; upper airway management; genetics; hearing; speech; growth, feeding, and swallowing; dental treatment and orthodontics; extracranial anomalies; and psychology and cognition. The current clinical consensus statement provides valuable insights into optimal diagnostic and treatment practices and identifies key research opportunities for FDS. This consensus statement represents a significant advancement in FDS care, underlining the commitment of health care professionals to improve the understanding and management of these rare syndromes in Europe.</p

Structure and Luminescence Properties of Eu3+-Doped Cubic Mesoporous Silica Thin Films

Eu3+ ions-doped cubic mesoporous silica thin films with a thickness of about 205 nm were prepared on silicon and glass substrates using triblock copolymer as a structure-directing agent using sol–gel spin-coating and calcination processes. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis show that the mesoporous silica thin films have a highly ordered body-centered cubic mesoporous structure. High Eu3+ ion loading and high temperature calcination do not destroy the ordered cubic mesoporous structure of the mesoporous silica thin films. Photoluminescence spectra show two characteristic emission peaks corresponding to the transitions of5D0-7F1 and 5D0-7F2 of Eu3+ ions located in low symmetry sites in mesoporous silica thin films. With the Eu/Si molar ratio increasing to 3.41%, the luminescence intensity of the Eu3+ ions-doped mesoporous silica thin films increases linearly with increasing Eu3+ concentration