13 research outputs found
الأزمة الجزائرية: الخلفيات السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية والثقافية
- Author
- Publication venue
- Centre for Arab Unity Studies
- Publication date
- 01/01/1996
- Field of study
Monoaxial external fixation of the calcaneus: An anatomical study assessing the safety of monoaxial pin insertion
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- Field of study
The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abbas Qamar
- Abbasi Behzad
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasi-Kangevari Zeinab
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed Abdelwahab
- Abdoli Gholamreza
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abdulkadir Hanan Abdulkadir
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abidi Hassan
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Absalan Abdorrahim
- Abtew Yonas Derso
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Achappa Basavaprabhu
- Acheson Alistair R
- Acuna Juan Manuel
- Addison Daniel
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adesina Miracle Ayomikun
- Adnan Mohammad
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Advani Shailesh M
- Afrin Sumia
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Aggarwal Manik
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Araz Ramazan
- Ahmad Rizwan
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Sohail
- Ahmadi Sepideh
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Aiman Wajeeha
- Ajami Marjan
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akbarzadeh-Khiavi Mostafa
- Aklilu Addis
- Akonde Maxwell
- Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Al-Rifai Rami H Hani
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tammemi Ala'a B
- Alahdab Fares
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Alessy Saleh Ali
- Algammal Abdelazeem M
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Adel Hajj
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Hiwa Abubaker
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Syed Shujait
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Alipour Vahid
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alkhayyat Motasem
- Almustanyir Sami
- Alonso Nivaldo
- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
- Altawalah Haya
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Amare Firehiwot
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderson Jason A
- Animut Yaregal Animut
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Anoushirvani Ali Arash
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Ansha Mustafa Geleto
- Antony Benny
- Antwi Maxwell Hubert
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Arab-Zozani Morteza
- Arabloo Jalal
- Aremu Olatunde
- Argaw Ayele Mamo
- Ariffin Hany
- Aripov Timur
- Arshad Muhammad
- Artaman Al
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Aryannejad Armin
- Asaad Malke
- Asemahagn Mulusew A
- Asemi Zatollah
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
- Ashraf Tahira
- Assadi Reza
- Athar Mohammad
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Attia Sameh
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avila-Burgos Leticia
- Avval Atlas Haddadi
- Awedew Atalel Fentahun
- Awoke Mamaru Ayenew
- Awoke Tewachew
- Ayana Tegegn Mulatu
- Ayen Solomon Shitu
- Azadi Davood
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azami-Aghdash Saber
- Azanaw Melkalem Mamuye
- Azangou-Khyavy Mohammadreza
- Azizi Hosein
- Azzam Ahmed YY
- Babajani Amirhesam
- Badar Muhammad
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghcheghi Nayereh
- Bagheri Nader
- Bagherieh Sara
- Bahadory Saeed
- Baig Atif Amin
- Bain Luchuo Engelbert
- Baker Jennifer L
- Bakhtiari Ahad
- Bakshi Ravleen Kaur
- Banach Maciej
- Banerjee Indrajit
- Bardhan Mainak
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barra Fabio
- Barrow Amadou
- Bashir Nasir Z
- Bashiri Azadeh
- Basu Saurav
- Batiha Abdul-Monim Mohammad
- Begum Aeysha
- Bekele Alehegn Bekele
- Belay Alemayehu Sayih
- Belete Melaku Ashagrie
- Belgaumi Uzma Iqbal
- Bell Arielle Wilder
- Belo Luis
- Benzian Habib
- Berhie Alemshet Yirga
- Bermudez Amiel Nazer C
- Bernabe Eduardo
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhandari Bharti Bhandari
- Bhardwaj Nikha
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhattacharyya Krittika
- Bhojaraja Vijayalakshmi S
- Bhuyan Soumitra S
- Bibi Sadia
- Bicer Burcu Kucuk
- Bilchut Awraris Hailu
- Bintoro Bagas Suryo
- Biondi Antonio
- Birega Mesfin Geremaw Birega
- Birhan Habitu Eshetu
- Bjørge Tone
- Blyuss Oleg
- Bodicha Belay Boda Abule
- Bohan Phillip M Kemp
- Bolla Srinivasa Rao
- Boloor Archith
- Bosetti Cristina
- Braithwaite Dejana
- Brauer Michael
- Brenner Hermann
- Briko Andrey Nikolaevich
- Briko Nikolay Ivanovich
- Buchanan Christina Maree
- Bulamu Norma B
- Bustamante-Teixeira Maria Teresa
- Butt Muhammad Hammad
- Butt Nadeem Shafique
- Butt Zahid A
- Cao Chao
- Cao Yin
- Carreras Giulia
- Carvalho Márcia
- Cembranel Francieli
- Cerin Ester
- Chakraborty Promit Ananyo
- Chandrasekar Viveksandeep Thoguluva
- Charalampous Periklis
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo
- Cho Daniel Youngwhan
- Cho William CS
- Christopher Devasahayam J
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Cohen Aaron J
- Collaborators GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors
- Compton Kelly
- Conde Joao
- Cortés Sandra
- Costa Vera Marisa
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Culbreth Garland T
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Dadras Omid
- Dagnaw Fentaw Teshome
- Dahlawi Saad MA
- Dai Xiaochen
- Dandona Lalit
- Dandona Rakhi
- Daneshpajouhnejad Parnaz
- Danielewicz Anna
- Dao An Thi Minh
- Darwesh Aso Mohammad
- Das Saswati
- Davitoiu Dragos Virgil
- De la Hoz Fernando Pio
- Debela Sisay Abebe
- Dehghan Azizallah
- Dehkordi Javad Javad Aminian
- Demisse Biniyam
- Demisse Fitsum Wolde
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Derakhshani Afshin
- Dereje Diriba
- Deribe Kalkidan Solomon
- Desai Rupak
- Desalegn Markos Desalegn
- Desideri Lorenzo Ferro
- Dessalegn Fikadu Nugusu
- Dessalegni Samuel Abebe A
- Dessie Gashaw
- Desta Abebaw Alemayehu
- Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dianatinasab Mostafa
- Diao Nancy
- Diaz Daniel
- Digesa Lankamo Ena
- Dixit Shilpi Gupta
- Doaei Saeid
- Doan Linh Phuong
- Doku Paul Narh
- Dongarwar Deepa
- dos Santos Florentino Luciano Caetano
- dos Santos Wendel Mombaque
- Driscoll Tim Robert
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Edalati Sareh
- Eghbalian Fatemeh
- Ehsani-Chimeh Elham
- Eini Ebrahim
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- Ekwueme Donatus U
- El-Huneidi Waseem
- Elbahnasawy Mostafa Ahmed
- Elbarazi Iffat
- Elghazaly Hesham
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Emamian Mohammad Hassan
- Enyew Daniel Berhanie
- Erkhembayar Ryenchindorj
- Eshetu Tegegne
- Eshrati Babak
- Eskandarieh Sharareh
- Esmaeili Elham Davtalab
- Espinosa-Montero Juan
- Etaee Farshid
- Etemadimanesh Azin
- Eyayu Tahir
- Ezeonwumelu Ifeanyi Jude
- Ezzikouri Sayeh
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fahimi Saman
- Fakhradiyev Ildar Ravisovich
- Faraon Emerito Jose A
- Fares Jawad
- Farmany Abbas
- Farooque Umar
- Farrokhpour Hossein
- Fasanmi Abidemi Omolara
- Fatehizadeh Ali
- Fatima Wafa
- Fattahi Hamed
- Fekadu Ginenus
- Feleke Berhanu Elfu
- Ferrari Allegra Allegra
- Ferrero Simone
- Filip Irina
- Fischer Florian
- Fonseca Mariana Gaspar
- Force Lisa M
- Foroumadi Roham
- Foroutan Masoud
- Fukumoto Takeshi
- Gaal Peter Andras
- Gad Mohamed M
- Gadanya Muktar A
- Gaipov Abduzhappar
- Galehdar Nasrin
- Gallus Silvano
- Garg Tushar
- Gebremariam Yosef Haile
- Gebremeskel Teferi Gebru
- Gebremichael Mathewos Alemu
- Geda Yohannes Fikadu
- Gela Yibeltal Yismaw
- Gemeda Belete Negese Belete
- Getachew Melaku
- Getachew Motuma Erena
- Ghaffari Kazem
- Ghafourifard Mansour
- Ghamari Seyyed-Hadi
- Ghassemi Fariba
- Ghimire Ajnish
- Ghith Nermin
- Gholamalizadeh Maryam
- Ghozy Sherief
- Gilani Syed Amir
- Gill Paramjit Singh
- Ginindza Themba G
- Gizaw Abraham Tamirat T
- Glasbey James C
- Godos Justyna
- Goel Amit
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Goleij Pouya
- Golinelli Davide
- Golitaleb Mohamad
- Gorini Giuseppe
- Goulart Bárbara Niegia Garcia
- Grosso Giuseppe
- Guadie Habtamu Alganeh
- Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
- Gudayu Temesgen Worku
- Guerra Maximiliano Ribeiro
- Gunawardane Damitha Asanga
- Gupta Bhawna
- Gupta Sapna
- Gupta Veer Bala
- Gupta Vivek Kumar
- Gurara Mekdes Kondale
- Guta Alemu
- Habibzadeh Parham
- Hafezi-Nejad Nima
- Haj-Mirzaian Arvin
- Halboub Esam S
- Halimi Aram
- Halwani Rabih
- Hamad Hanadi Al
- Hamadeh Randah R
- Hameed Sajid
- Hamidi Samer
- Hanif Asif
- Hariri Sanam
- Harlianto Netanja I
- Haro Josep Maria
- Hartono Risky Kusuma
- Hasaballah Ahmed I
- Hasan SM Mahmudul
- Hasani Hamidreza
- Hashemi Seyedeh Melika
- Hassan Abbas M
- Hassanipour Soheil
- Hay Simon I
- Hayat Khezar
- Heidari Golnaz
- Heidari Mohammad
- Heidarymeybodi Zahra
- Henrikson Hannah Jacqueline
- Herrera-Serna Brenda Yuliana
- Herteliu Claudiu
- Hezam Kamal
- Hiraike Yuta
- Hlongwa Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni
- Holla Ramesh
- Holm Marianne
- Horita Nobuyuki
- Hoseini Mohammad
- Hossain Mahbub
- Hossain Mohammad Bellal Hossain
- Hosseini Mohammad-Salar
- Hosseinzadeh Ali
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
- Hostiuc Mihaela
- Hostiuc Sorin
- Househ Mowafa
- Huang Junjie
- Hugo Fernando N
- Humayun Ayesha
- Hussain Salman
- Hussein Nawfal R
- Hwang Bing-Fang
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Iftikhar Pulwasha Maria
- Ikuta Kevin S
- Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen
- Ilic Irena M
- Ilic Milena D
- Immurana Mustapha
- Innos Kaire
- Iranpour Pooya
- Irham Lalu Muhammad
- Isfahani Haleh Mousavi
- Islam Rakibul M
- Islam Shariful
- Islami Farhad
- Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah
- Isola Gaetano
- Iwagami Masao
- J Linda Merin
- Jabbari Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh
- Jafari Amirhossein Azari
- Jaiswal Abhishek
- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
- Jalili Mahsa
- Jalilian Shahram
- Jamshidi Elham
- Jang Sung-In
- Jani Chinmay T
- Javaheri Tahereh
- Jayarajah Umesh Umesh
- Jayaram Shubha
- Jazayeri Seyed Behzad
- Jebai Rime
- Jemal Bedru
- Jeong Wonjeong
- Jha Ravi Prakash
- Jindal Har Ashish
- John-Akinola Yetunde O
- Jonas Jost B
- Jonasson Junmei Miao
- Joo Tamas
- Joseph Nitin
- Joukar Farahnaz
- Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy
- Julian Guilherme Silva
- Jürisson Mikk
- Kabir Ali
- Kacimi Salah Eddine Oussama
- Kadashetti Vidya
- Kahe Farima
- Kakodkar Pradnya Vishal
- Kalankesh Laleh R
- Kalankesh Leila R
- Kalhor Rohollah
- Kamal Vineet Kumar
- Kamangar Farin
- Kamath Ashwin
- Kanchan Tanuj
- Kandaswamy Eswar
- Kandel Himal
- Kandel Sandhya Neupane
- Kang HyeJung
- Kanno Girum Gebremeskel
- Kapoor Neeti
- Kar Sitanshu Sekhar
- Karanth Shama D
- Karaye Ibraheem M
- Karch André
- Karimi Amirali
- Kashani Hamid Reza Khayat
- Kassa Bekalu Getnet
- Katoto Patrick DMC
- Kauppila Joonas H
- Kaur Harkiran
- Kebede Abinet Gebremickael
- Keikavoosi-Arani Leila
- Kejela Gemechu Gemechu
- Keramati Maryam
- Keykhaei Mohammad
- Khajuria Himanshu
- Khan Abbas
- Khan Abdul Aziz Khan
- Khan Ejaz Ahmad
- Khan Gulfaraz
- Khan Moien AB
- Khan Nuruzzaman
- Khanali Javad
- Khaneghah Amin Mousavi
- Khatab Khaled
- Khatatbeh Moawiah Mohammad
- Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli
- Khayamzadeh Maryam
- Khezeli Mehdi
- Khodadost Mahmoud
- Kim Min Seo
- Kim Yun Jin
- Kisa Adnan
- Kisa Sezer
- Klugar Miloslav
- Klugarová Jitka
- Kocarnik Jonathan M
- Kolahi Ali-Asghar
- Kolkhir Pavel
- Kompani Farzad
- Koul Parvaiz A
- Koyanagi Ai
- Krishan Kewal
- Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj
- Kugbey Nuworza
- Kulimbet Mukhtar
- Kumar Akshay
- Kumar G Anil
- Kumar Narinder
- Kurmi Om P
- Kuttikkattu Ambily
- La Vecchia Carlo
- Lahiri Arista
- Lal Dharmesh Kumar
- Lan Qing
- Landires Iván
- Lang Justin J
- Langroudi Ashkan Pourabhari
- Larijani Bagher
- Lasrado Savita
- Lau Jerrald
- Lauriola Paolo
- Laxminarayana Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane
- Ledda Caterina
- Lee Sang-woong
- Lee Shaun Wen Huey
- Lee Wei-Chen
- Lee Yeong Yeh
- Lee Yo Han
- Legesse Samson Mideksa
- Leigh James
- Leong Elvynna
- Li Ming-Chieh
- Lim Stephen S
- Liu Gang
- Liu Jue
- Lo Chun-Han
- Lohiya Ayush
- Lopukhov Platon D
- Lorenzovici László
- Lotfi Mojgan
- Loureiro Joana A
- Lunevicius Raimundas
- Lám Judit
- Madadizadeh Farzan
- Mafi Ahmad R
- Magdeldin Sameh
- Mahesh PA
- Mahjoub Soleiman
- Mahmoodpoor Ata
- Mahmoudi Morteza
- Mahmoudimanesh Marzieh
- Mahumud Rashidul Alam
- Majeed Azeem
- Majidpoor Jamal
- Makki Alaa
- Makris Konstantinos Christos
- Malekpour Mohammad-Reza
- Malekzadeh Reza
- Malik Ahmad Azam
- Malleshappa Sudeep K Siddappa
- Mallhi Tauqeer Hussain
- Mallya Sneha Deepak
- Mamun Mohammed A
- Manda Ana Laura
- Manjula S
- Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz
- Mansouri Borhan
- Mansournia Mohammad Ali
- Mantovani Lorenzo Giovanni
- Martini Santi
- Martorell Miquel
- Masoudi Sahar
- Masoumi Seyedeh Zahra
- Matei Clara N
- Mathews Elezebeth
- Mathur Manu Raj
- Mathur Vasundhara
- McKee Martin
- Meena Jitendra Kumar
- Mehmood Khalid
- Mehrotra Ravi
- Melese Addisu
- Mendoza Walter
- Menezes Ritesh G
- Mengesha SIsay Derso
- Mensah Laverne G
- Mentis Alexios-Fotios A
- Mera-Mamián Andry Yasmid Mera
- Meretoja Tuomo J
- Merid Mehari Woldemariam
- Mersha Amanual Getnet
- Meselu Belsity Temesgen
- Meshkat Mahboobeh
- Mestrovic Tomislav
- Miazgowski Tomasz
- Michalek Irmina Maria
- Mijena Gelana Fekadu Worku
- Miller Ted R
- Mir Shabir Ahmad
- Mirinezhad Seyed Kazem
- Mirmoeeni Seyyedmohammadsadeq
- Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari Mohammad
- Mirzaei Hamed
- Mirzaei Hamid Reza
- Misganaw Abay Sisay
- Misra Sanjeev
- Mohammad Karzan Abdulmuhsin
- Mohammadi Esmaeil
- Mohammadi Mokhtar
- Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah
- Mohammadpourhodki Reza
- Mohammed Arif
- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mohan Syam
- Mohseni Mohammad
- Moka Nagabhishek
- Mokdad Ali H
- Molassiotis Alex
- Molla Meseret Derbew
- Molokhia Mariam
- Momenzadeh Kaveh
- Momtazmanesh Sara
- Monasta Lorenzo
- Mons Ute
- Montasir Ahmed Al
- Montazeri Fateme
- Montero Arnulfo
- Moosavi Mohammad Amin
- Moradi Abdolvahab
- Moradi Yousef
- Moraga Paula
- Morawska Lidia
- Morrison Shane Douglas
- Morze Jakub
- Mosapour Abbas
- Mostafavi Ebrahim
- Mousavi Seyyed Meysam
- Mpundu-Kaambwa Christine
- Mubarik Sumaira
- Mulita Francesk
- Munblit Daniel
- Munro Sandra B
- Murillo-Zamora Efrén
- Murray Christopher JL
- Musa Jonah
- Nabhan Ashraf F
- Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman
- Nagaraju Shankar Prasad
- Nagel Gabriele
- Naghipour Mohammadreza
- Naimzada Mukhammad David
- Nair Tapas Sadasivan
- Naqvi Atta Abbas
- Narayana Aparna Ichalangod
- Nasab Entezar Mehrabi
- Nassereldine Hasan
- Natto Zuhair S
- Navashenaq Jamshid Gholizadeh
- Nayak Biswa Prakash
- Ndejjo Rawlance
- Nduaguba Sabina Onyinye
- Negash Wogene Wogene
- Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria
- Nejati Kazem
- Niazi Robina Khan
- Noor Nurulamin M
- Noori Maryam
- Noroozi Nafise
- Nour Mohammad Ghasemi
- Nouraei Hasti
- Nowroozi Ali
- Nuñez-Samudio Virginia
- Nzoputam Chimezie Igwegbe
- Nzoputam Ogochukwu Janet
- Oancea Bogdan
- Odukoya Oluwakemi Ololade
- Oghenetega Onome Bright
- Ogunsakin Ropo Ebenezer
- Oguntade Ayodipupo Sikiru
- Oh In-Hwan
- Okati-Aliabad Hassan
- Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul
- Olagunju Andrew T
- Olagunju Tinuke O
- Olakunde Babayemi Oluwaseun
- Olufadewa Isaac Iyinoluwa
- Omer Emad
- Omonisi Abidemi E Emmanuel
- Ong Sokking
- Onwujekwe Obinna E
- Orru Hans
- Otstavnov Stanislav S
- Oulhaj Abderrahim
- Oumer Bilcha
- Owopetu Oluwatomi Funbi
- Oyinloye Babatunji Emmanuel
- Padron-Monedero Alicia
- Padubidri Jagadish Rao
- Pakbin Babak
- Pakshir Keyvan
- Pakzad Reza
- Palicz Tamás
- Pana Adrian
- Pandey Anamika
- Pandey Ashok
- Pant Suman
- Pardhan Shahina
- Park Eun-Cheol
- Park Eun-Kee
- Park Seoyeon
- Patel Jay
- Pati Siddhartha
- Paudel Rajan
- Paudel Uttam
- Paun Mihaela
- Penberthy Louise
- Peng Minjin
- Pereira Jeevan
- Pereira Renato B
- Perna Simone
- Perumalsamy Navaraj
- Pestell Richard G
- Pezzani Raffaele
- Piccinelli Cristiano
- Pillay Julian David
- Piracha Zahra Zahid
- Pischon Tobias
- Postma Maarten J
- Pourshams Akram
- Pourtaheri Naeimeh
- Prashant Akila
- Qadir Mirza Muhammad Fahd
- Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina Ayala
- Rabiee Mohammad
- Rabiee Navid
- Rad Elaheh Malakan
- Radfar Amir
- Radhakrishnan Raghu Anekal
- Radhakrishnan Venkatraman
- Raeisi Mojtaba
- Rafiee Ata
- Rafiei Alireza
- Raheem Nasiru
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahman Mosiur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rahman Obaidur
- Rahmani Amir Masoud
- Rahmani Shayan
- Rahmanian Vahid
- Rajai Nazanin
- Rajesh Aashish
- Ram Pradhum
- Ramezanzadeh Kiana
- Rana Juwel
- Ranabhat Kamal
- Ranasinghe Priyanga
- Rao Chythra R
- Rao Sowmya J
- Rashedi Sina
- Rashid Tarik Ahmed
- Rashidi Amirfarzan
- Rashidi Mahsa
- Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi
- Ratan Zubair Ahmed
- Rawaf David Laith
- Rawaf Salman
- Rawal Lal
- Rawassizadeh Reza
- Razeghinia Mohammad Sadegh
- Rehman Ashfaq Ur
- Rehman Inayat ur
- Reitsma Marissa B
- Renzaho Andre MN
- Rezaei Maryam
- Rezaei Nazila
- Rezaei Negar
- Rezaei Nima
- Rezaei Saeid
- Rezaeian Mohsen
- Rezapour Aziz
- Riad Abanoub
- Rikhtegar Reza
- Rios-Blancas Maria
- Roberts Thomas J
- Rohloff Peter
- Romero-Rodríguez Esperanza
- Roshandel Gholamreza
- Rwegerera Godfrey M
- Saber-Ayad Maha Mohamed
- Saberzadeh-Ardestani Bahar
- Sabour Siamak
- Saddik Basema
- Sadeghi Erfan
- Saeb Mohammad Reza
- Saeed Umar
- Safaei Mohsen
- Safary Azam
- Sahebazzamani Maryam
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahoo Harihar
- Sajid Mirza Rizwan
- Salari Hedayat
- Salehi Sana
- Salem Marwa Rashad
- Salimzadeh Hamideh
- Samodra Yoseph Leonardo
- Samy Abdallah M
- Sanabria Juan
- Sankararaman Senthilkumar
- Sanmarchi Francesco
- Santric-Milicevic Milena M
- Saqib Muhammad Arif Nadeem
- Sarabi Mostafa Moradi
- Sarveazad Arash
- Sarvi Fatemeh
- Sathian Brijesh
- Satpathy Maheswar
- Sayegh Nicolas
- Schneider Ione Jayce Ceola
- Schwarzinger Michaël
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Sepanlou Sadaf G
- Seylani Allen
- Seyoum Kenbon
- Sha Feng
- Shafaat Omid
- Shah Pritik A
- Shahabi Saeed
- Shahid Izza
- Shahrbaf Mohammad Amin
- Shahsavari Hamid R
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shaka Mohammed Feyisso
- Shaker Elaheh
- Shannawaz Mohammed
- Sharew Mequannent Melaku Sharew
- Sharifi Azam
- Sharifi-Rad Javad
- Sharma Purva
- Shashamo Bereket Beyene
- Sheikh
- Sheikh Aziz
- Sheikhbahaei Sara
- Sheikhi Rahim Ali
- Sheikhy Ali
- Shepherd Peter Robin
- Shetty Adithi
- Shetty Jeevan K
- Shetty Ranjitha S
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shirkoohi Reza
- Shirzad-Aski Hesamaddin
- Shivakumar KM
- Shivalli Siddharudha
- Shivarov Velizar
- Shobeiri Parnian
- Shorofi Seyed Afshin
- Shrestha Sunil
- Sibhat Migbar Mekonnen
- Sidemo Negussie Boti
- Silva Diego Augusto Santos
- Silva Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
- Silvestris Nicola
- Simegn Wudneh
- Singh Achintya Dinesh
- Singh Ambrish
- Singh Garima
- Singh Harpreet
- Singh Jasvinder A
- Singh Jitendra Kumar
- Singh Paramdeep
- Singh Surjit
- Sinha Dhirendra Narain
- Sinke Abiy H
- Siraj Shahjahan
- Sitas Freddy
- Siwal Samarjeet Singh
- Skryabin Valentin Yurievich
- Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna
- Socea Bogdan
- Soeberg Matthew J
- Sofi-Mahmudi Ahmad
- Solomon Yonatan
- Soltani Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh
- Soltani-Zangbar Mohammad Sadegh
- Song Suhang
- Song Yimeng
- Soodejani Moslem Taheri
- Sorensen Reed JD
- Soshnikov Sergey
- Sotoudeh Houman
- Sowe Alieu
- Sufiyan Mu'awiyyah Babale
- Suk Ryan
- Suleman Muhammad
- Sultana Saima
- Sur Daniel
- Swamy Sreenivas Narasimha
- Syed Zahiruddin Quazi
- Szócska Miklós
- Tabaeian Seidamir Pasha
- Tabari Mohammad Amin Khazeei
- Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabatabaei Seyyed Mohammad
- Tabuchi Takahiro
- Tadbiri Hooman
- Tahbaz Sahel Valadan
- Taheri Ensiyeh
- Taheri Majid
- Takahashi Ken
- Talaat Iman M
- Tampa Mircea
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tantawi Maha El
- Tat Nathan Y
- Tat Vivian Y
- Tavakoli Ahmad
- Tavakoli Arash
- Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash
- Tekalegn Yohannes
- Tesfay Fisaha Haile
- Thapar Rekha
- Thavamani Aravind
- Thomas Nihal
- Thomas Nikhil Kenny
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tiyuri Amir
- Tollosa Daniel Nigusse
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Toroudi Hamidreza Pazoki
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Traini Eugenio
- Tran Khanh Bao
- Tran Mai Thi Ngoc
- Tripathy Jaya Prasad
- Ukke Gebresilasea Gendisha
- Ullah Irfan
- Ullah Saif
- Ullah Sana
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Vacante Marco
- Vaezi Maryam
- Valdez Pascual R
- Van Nguyen Nguyen Huy
- Vardavas Constantine
- Varniab Zahra Shokri
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vaziri Siavash
- Velazquez Diana Zuleika
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Villeneuve Paul J
- Violante Francesco S
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vo Bay
- Vos Theo
- Vu Linh Gia
- Wadood Abdul Wadood
- Waheed Yasir
- Walde Mandaras Tariku
- Wamai Richard G
- Wang Cong
- Wang Fang
- Wang Ning
- Wang Yu
- Ward Paul
- Waris Abdul
- Westerman Ronny
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Woldemariam Melat
- Woldu Berhanu
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Rixing
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadav Lalit
- Yang Lin
- Yazdanpanah Fereshteh
- Yeshaw Yigizie
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yousefian Fatemeh
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yunusa Ismaeel
- Zahir Mazyar
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zare Fariba
- Zare Iman
- Zareshahrabadi Zahra
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeineddine Mohammad A
- Zhang Dongyu
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhou Linghui
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe
Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbas Jaffar
- Abbasi Madineh Akram
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd-Rabu Rami
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahi Mozhan
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Vida
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Aboyans Victor
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Adamu Lawan Hassan
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adekiya Tayo Alex
- Adikusuma Wirawan
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afework Tsion
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afraz Ali
- Afzal Saira
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Jivan Qasim
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Ajumobi Olufemi
- Akade Seyed Esma'il
- Akbari Morteza
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akhlaghi Shiva
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akonde Maxwell
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Shahi Salman Rustam
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Alemi Hediyeh
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Algammal Abdelazeem M
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Abid
- Ali Endale Alemayehu
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Musa Mohammed
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Zahid
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljofan Mohamad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alladi Suvarna
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almustanyir Sami
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqasmi Ibrahim
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaany Zaid
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Aly Hany
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- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
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- Ancuceanu Robert
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- Angappan Dhanalakshmi
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- Anil Abhishek
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- Asadi-Pooya Ali A
- Asena Tilahun Ferede
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- Ashraf Muhammad
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- Atinafu Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye
- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Avan Abolfazl
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
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- Babaei Mahsa
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- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barrow Amadou
- Bashash Davood
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- Bedi Neeraj
- Begde Ahmet
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- Bhatti Jasvinder Singh
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- Bijani Ali
- Bikbov Boris
- Bilalaga Mariah Malak
- Biswas Atanu
- Bitaraf Saeid
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- Cerin Ester
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- Chanie Gashaw Sisay
- Charan Jaykaran
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chekol Abebe Endeshaw
- Chen Hui
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- Chi Gerald
- Chichagi Fatemeh
- Chidambaram Saravana Babu
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- Chong Yuen Yu
- Chopra Hitesh
- Choudhari Sonali Gajanan
- Chowdhury Enayet Karim
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Christensen Hanne
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eric
- Coberly Kaleb
- Columbus Alyssa
- Comachio Josielli
- Conde Joao
- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Costa Vera Marisa
- Cousin Ewerton
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- Danawi Hadi A
- Dandona Lalit
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- Darwish Amira Hamed
- Das Saswati
- Das Subasish
- Dascalu Ana Maria
- Dash Nihar Ranjan
- Dashti Mohsen
- De la Hoz Fernando Pio
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- Dejene Hiwot
- Demant Daniel
- Demetriades Andreas K
- Demissie Solomon
- Deng Xinlei
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Devanbu Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
- Dhama Kuldeep
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dias da Silva Diana
- Diaz Daniel
- Dibas Mahmoud
- Ding Delaney D
- Dinu Monica
- Dirac M Ashworth
- Diress Mengistie
- Do Thanh Chi
- Do Thao Huynh Phuong
- Doan Khanh Duy Khanh
- Dodangeh Milad
- Doheim Mohamed Fahmy
- Dokova Klara Georgieva
- Dongarwar Deepa
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Dua Tarun
- Dube John
- Duraisamy Senbagam
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Dutta Sulagna
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Eissazade Negin
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El Nahas Nevine
- El Sayed Iman
- Elahi Najafi Mohammad Amin
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- Elsohaby Ibrahim
- Emamverdi Mehdi
- Emeto Theophilus I
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- Esezobor Christopher Imokhuede
- Eskandarieh Sharareh
- Fadaei Abdolmajid
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fahim Ayesha
- Faramarzi Ali
- Fares Jawad
- Farjoud Kouhanjani Mohsen
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- Farzadfar Farshad
- Fatehizadeh Ali
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- Gadanya Muktar A
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- Gandhi Aravind P
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- Gebre Teshome
- Gebrehiwot Mesfin
- Gebremeskel Gebreamlak Gebremedhn
- Gebreslassie Haftay Gebremedhin
- Getacher Lemma
- Ghaderi Yazdi Bardiya
- Ghadirian Fataneh
- Ghaffarpasand Fariborz
- Ghanbari Reza
- Ghasemi MohammadReza
- Ghazy Ramy Mohamed
- Ghimire Sailaja
- Gholami Ali
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- Ghozy Sherief
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- Gill Paramjit Singh
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- Gnedovskaya Elena V
- Golchin Ali
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- Guan Bin
- Guarducci Giovanni
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- Guo Hanbing
- Gupta Bhawna
- Gupta Rajeev
- Gupta Sapna
- Gupta Veer Bala
- Gupta Vivek Kumar
- Gutiérrez Reyna Alma
- Habibzadeh Farrokh
- Hachinski Vladimir
- Haddadi Rasool
- Hadei Mostafa
- Hadi Najah R
- Haep Nils
- Hagins Hailey
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- Hammoud Ahmad
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- Hao Junwei
- Harapan Harapan
- Hareru Habtamu Endashaw
- Hargono Arief
- Harlianto Netanja I.
- Haro Josep Maria
- Hartman Nicholas Nathaniel
- Hasaballah Ahmed I.
- Hasan Faizul
- Hasani Hamidreza
- Hasanian Mohammad
- Hassan Amr
- Hassan Shoaib
- Hassanipour Soheil
- Hassankhani Hadi
- Hassen Mohammed Bheser
- Haubold Johannes
- Hay Simon I
- Hayat Khezar
- Hegazy Mohamed I
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- Iyer Mahalaxmi
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- Jacob Louis
- Jadidi-Niaragh Farhad
- Jafari Mahboobeh
- Jafarinia Morteza
- Jafarzadeh Abdollah
- Jahankhani Kasra
- Jahanmehr Nader
- Jahrami Haitham
- Jaiswal Abhishek
- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
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- Kamath Ashwin
- Kamath Sagarika
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- Khajuria Himanshu
- Khalaji Amirmohammad
- Khamesipour Faham
- Khammarnia Mohammad
- Khan Suheb Mahammed Ziauddin
- Khan Maseer
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- Khatatbeh Haitham
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- Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli
- Khayat Kashani Hamid Reza
- Khonji Mohammad Saeid
- khorashadizadeh Fatemeh
- Khormali Moein
- Khubchandani Jagdish
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- Kim Jihee
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- Kisa Adnan
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- Kumsa Netsanet Bogale
- Kundu Satyajit
- Kurniasari Maria Dyah
- Kusuma Dian
- Kuttikkattu Ambily
- Kyu Hmwe Hmwe
- La Vecchia Carlo
- Ladan Muhammad Awwal
- Lahariya Chandrakant
- Laksono Tri
- Lal Dharmesh Kumar
- Lallukka Tea
- Lami Faris Hasan
- Landires Iván
- Langguth Berthold
- Lasrado Savita
- Latief Kamaluddin
- Latifinaibin Kaveh
- Lau Kathryn Mei-Ming
- Laurens Matthew B
- Lawal Basira Kankia
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- Le Thao Thi Thu
- Ledda Caterina
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- Lee Sang-woong
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- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tualeka Abdul Rohim
- Tufa Derara Girma
- Ubah Chukwudi S
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Ulhaq Inam
- Umair Muhammad
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umapathi Krishna Kishore
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Vakilian Alireza
- Valadan Tahbaz Sahel
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vaziri Siavash
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villani Leonardo
- Vinueza Veloz Andres Fernando
- Viskadourou Maria
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
- Vos Theo
- Vu Loc Tri
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Wagaye Birhanu
- Waheed Yasir
- Wahood Waseem
- Walde Mandaras Tariku
- Wang Fang
- Wang Shu
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Waqas Muhammad
- Waris Abdul
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Willekens Barbara
- Wilner Lauren B
- Winkler Andrea Sylvia
- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wulf Hanson Sarah
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yahya Galal
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yeshaneh Alex
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yi Siyan
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yusuf Hadiza
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zahedi Mohammad
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zali Alireza
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zand Ramin
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zarghami Amin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zegeye Zelalem Banjaw
- Zeukeng Francis
- Zhai Chunxia
- Zhang Chen
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhao Yang
- Zheng Peng
- Zhou Hengxing
- Zhu Bin
- Zhumagaliuly Abzal
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zikarg Yossef Teshome
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/04/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed
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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Ababneh Hazim S
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdulah Deldar Morad
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abhilash E S
- Abidi Hassan
- Abiodun Olumide
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adal Tadele Girum
- Adamu Abdu A
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Admass Biruk Adie Adie
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agampodi Suneth Buddhika
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aggarwal Manik
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agide Feleke Doyore
- Agodi Antonella
- Agrawal Anurag
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Azzam Sayer
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alahdab Fares
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Noore
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Aldawsari Khalifah A
- Aldhaleei Wafa A
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alema Haileselasie Berhane
- Alemayohu Mulubirhan Assefa
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Amjad
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Shahid
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Alikhani Reyhaneh
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljasir Mohammad A M
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla François
- Allebeck Peter
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Louay
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Jordi
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaany Zaid
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amani Reza
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Amegbor Prince M
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Angus Colin
- Anil Abhishek
- Anil Sneha
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Ansari Hossein
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Ansariadi Ansariadi
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anvari Davood
- Anvari Saeid
- Anwar Saleha
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Aqeel Muhammad
- Arab Juan Pablo
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arafat Mosab
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Areda Demelash
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Aremu Olatunde
- Ariffin Hany
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arndt Michael Benjamin
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asaad Malke
- Asadi-Lari Mohsen
- Asgedom Akeza Awealom
- Asghari-Jafarabadi Mohammad
- Asghariahmadabad Mona
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Aslani Armin
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athar Mohammad
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
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- TADAKAMADLA JYOTHI
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- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
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- Teramoto Masayuki
- Tesler Riki
- Teye-Kwadjo Enoch
- Thakur Rishu
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- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Tung Kang
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Udoh Arit
- Ullah Atta
- Ullah Irfan
- Ullah Saeed
- Ullah Sana
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Unsworth Carolyn Anne
- Upadhyay Era
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- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasic Milena
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- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Verghese Nicholas Alexander
- Verma Madhur
- Veroux Massimiliano
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- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villanueva Gabriela Ines
- Vinayak Manish
- Violante Francesco S
- Viskadourou Maria
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
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- Wang Yanzhong
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- Waqas Muhammad
- Ward Paul
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- Watson Stefanie
- Watson Stephanie Louise Watson
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Wei Melissa Y
- Weintraub Robert G
- Weiss Daniel J
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wilandika Angga
- Wilkerson Caroline
- Willeit Peter
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- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Woldegebreal Demewoz H
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- Wolfe Charles D A
- Wondimagegene Yohannes Addisu
- Wong Yen Jun
- Wongsin Utoomporn
- Wool Eve E
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Felicia
- Wu Xinsheng
- Wu Zenghong
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xie Yang
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Wang-Dong
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesiltepe Metin
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yi Siyan
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yismaw Malede Berihun
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuh Faith H
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeinali Zahra
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Jingya
- Zhang Liqun
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zitoun Osama A
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zuhlke Liesl J
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Measurement of jet fragmentation in Pb+Pb and pp collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
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- Shen Yu-Ting
- Sherwood Peter
- Shi Liaoshan
- Shimizu Shima
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- Soldatov Evgeny
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- Solovyanov Oleg
- Solovyev Victor
- Sommer Philip
- Son Hyungsuk
- Song Hong Ye
- Sopczak Andre
- Sosa David
- Sotiropoulou Calliope L
- Soualah Rachik
- Soukharev Andrey
- South David
- Sowden Benjamin
- Spagnolo Stefania
- Spalla Margherita
- Spangenberg Martin
- Spanò Francesco
- Sperlich Dennis
- Spettel Fabian
- Spieker Thomas Mal
- Spighi Roberto
- Spigo Giancarlo
- Spiller Laurence A
- Spousta Martin
- St Denis Richard Da
- Stabile Alberto
- Stamen Rainer
- Stamm Soren
- Stanecka Ewa
- Stanek Robert
- Stanescu Cristian
- Stanitzki Marcel Mic
- Stapnes Steinar
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- Stark Giordon
- Stark Jan
- Stark Simon Holm
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- Starovoitov Pavel
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- Steinberg Peter
- Stelzer Bernd
- Stelzer Harald Joe
- Stelzer-Chilton Oliver
- Stenzel Hasko
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- Stoicea Gabriel
- Stolte Philipp
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- Strubig Antonia
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- Stucci Stefania A
- Stugu Bjarne
- Styles Nicholas A
- Stärz Steffen
- Su Dong
- Su Jun
- Suchek Stanislav
- Sugaya Yorihito
- Suk Michal
- Sulin Vladimir
- Sultansoy Saleh
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- Suster Carl
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- Svatos Michal
- Swiatlowski Maximilian
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- Sykora Ivan
- Sykora Tomas
- Sánchez Javier
- Ta Duc
- Tackmann Kerstin
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- Taffard Anyes
- Tafirout Reda
- Taiblum Nimrod
- Takai Helio
- Takashima Ryuichi
- Takeshita Tohru
- Takubo Yosuke
- Talby Mossadek
- Talyshev Alexey
- Tanaka Junichi
- Tanaka Masahiro
- Tanaka Reisaburo
- Tanaka Shuji
- Tanioka Ryo
- Tannenwald Benjamin B
- Tapia Araya Sebastian
- Tapprogge Stefan
- Tarem Shlomit
- Tartarelli Giuseppe F
- Tas Petr
- Tasevsky Marek
- Tashiro Takuya
- Tassi Enrico
- Tavares Delgado Ademar
- Tayalati Yahya
- Taylor Aaron
- Taylor Geoffrey
- Taylor Pierre Tho
- Taylor Wendy
- Teixeira-Dias Pedro
- Temple Darren
- Ten Kate Herman
- Teng Ping-Kun
- Teoh Jia Jian
- Tepel Fabian-Phi
- Terada Susumu
- Terashi Koji
- Terron Juan
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- Testa Marianna
- Teuscher Richard
- Theveneaux-Pelzer Timothée
- Thomas Juergen
- Thomas-Wilsker Joshuha
- Thompson Paul
- Thompson Stan
- Thomsen Lotte Ansg
- Thomson Evelyn
- Tibbetts Mark James
- Ticse Torres Royer Edso
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- Tikhonov Yury
- Timoshenko Sergey
- Tipton Paul
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- Tovey Daniel
- Treado Colleen Je
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- Tricoli Alessandro
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- Vacavant Laurent
- Vacek Vaclav
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- Valentinetti Sara
- Valero Alberto
- Valkar Stefan
- Vallier Alexis
- Valls Ferrer Juan Anton
- Valéry Lo\"ic
- Van Den Wollenberg Wouter
- van der Graaf Harry
- van Eldik Niels
- van Gemmeren Peter
- Van Nieuwkoop Jacobus
- van Vulpen Ivo
- van Woerden Marius Cor
- Vanadia Marco
- Vandelli Wainer
- Vanguri Rami
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- Vasquez Gerardo
- Vasquez Jared Greg
- Vazeille Francois
- Vazquez Schroeder Tamara
- Veatch Jason
- Veeraraghavan Venkatesh
- Veloce Laurelle M
- Veloso Filipe
- Veneziano Stefano
- Ventura Andrea
- Venturi Manuela
- Venturi Nicola
- Venturini Alessio
- Vercesi Valerio
- Verducci Monica
- Verkerke Wouter
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- Vetterli Michel
- Viaux Maira Nicolas
- Viazlo Oleksandr
- Vichou Irene
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- Vickey Trevor
- Viehhauser Georg
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- Vinogradov Vladimir
- Vishwakarma Akanksha
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- Vlachos Sotirios
- Vlasak Michal
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- Vokac Petr
- Volpi Guido
- Volpi Matteo
- von der Schmitt Hans
- von Toerne Eckhard
- Vorobel Vit
- Vorobev Konstantin
- Vos Marcel
- Voss Rudiger
- Vossebeld Joost
- Vranjes Milosavljevic Marija
- Vranjes Nenad
- Vrba Vaclav
- Vreeswijk Marcel
- Vuillermet Raphael
- Vukotic Ilija
- Wagner Peter
- Wagner Wolfgang
- Wagner-Kuhr Jeannine
- Wahlberg Hernan
- Wahrmund Sebastian
- Wakabayashi Jun
- Walder James
- Walker Rodney
- Walkowiak Wolfgang
- Wallangen Veronica
- Wang Chao
- Wang Fuquan
- Wang Haichen
- Wang Hulin
- Wang Jike
- Wang Jin
- Wang Qing
- Wang Rui
- Wang Song-Ming
- Wang Tingting
- Wang Wei
- Wang Wenxiao
- Wang Zirui
- Wanotayaroj Chaowaroj
- Warburton Andreas
- Ward Patricia
- Wardrope David Robe
- Washbrook Andrew
- Watkins Peter
- Watson Alan
- Watson Miriam
- Watts Gordon
- Watts Stephen
- Waugh Ben
- Webb Aaron Fole
- Webb Samuel
- Weber Michele
- Weber Stefan Wol
- Weber Stephen
- Webster Jordan S
- Weidberg Anthony
- Weinert Benjamin
- Weingarten Jens
- Weiser Christian
- Weits Hartger
- Wells Phillippa
- Wenaus Torre
- Wengler Thorsten
- Wenig Siegfried
- Wermes Norbert
- Werner Michael Da
- Werner Per
- Wessels Martin
- Whalen Kathleen
- Whallon Nikola Laz
- Wharton Andrew Mar
- White Andrew
- White Martin
- White Ryan
- Whiteson Daniel
- Wickens Fred
- Wiedenmann Werner
- Wielers Monika
- Wiglesworth Craig
- Wiik-Fuchs Liv Antje
- Wildauer Andreas
- Wilk Fabian
- Wilkens Henric Geo
- Williams Hugh
- Williams Sarah
- Willis Christophe
- Willocq Stephane
- Wilson John
- Wingerter-Seez Isabelle
- Winkels Emma
- Winklmeier Frank
- Winston Oliver Jam
- Winter Benedict T
- Wittgen Matthias
- Wobisch Markus
- Wolf Tim Michae
- Wolff Robert
- Wolter Marcin Wla
- Wolters Helmut
- Worm Steven
- Wosiek Barbara
- Wotschack Jorg
- Woudstra Martin
- Wozniak Krzysztof
- Wu Miles
- Wu Sau Lan
- Wu Xin
- Wu Yusheng
- Wyatt Terry Rich
- Wynne Benjamin
- Xella Stefania
- Xi Zhaoxu
- Xia Ligang
- Xu Da
- Xu Lailin
- Yabsley Bruce
- Yacoob Sahal
- Yamaguchi Daiki
- Yamaguchi Yohei
- Yamamoto Akira
- Yamamoto Shimpei
- Yamanaka Takashi
- Yamauchi Katsuya
- Yamazaki Yuji
- Yan Zhen
- Yang Haijun
- Yang Hongtao
- Yang Yi
- Yang Zongchang
- Yao Weiming
- Yap Yee Chinn
- Yasu Yoshiji
- Yatsenko Elena
- Yau Wong Kaven Henr
- Ye Jingbo
- Ye Shuwei
- Yeletskikh Ivan
- Yigitbasi Efe
- Yildirim Eda
- Yorita Kohei
- Yoshihara Keisuke
- Young Charles
- Young Christophe
- Yu David Ren-
- Yu Jaehoon
- Yu Jie
- Yuen Stephanie
- Yusuff Imran
- Zabinski Bartlomiej
- Zacharis Georgios
- Zaidan Remi
- Zaitsev Alexander
- Zakharchuk Nataliia
- Zalieckas Justas
- Zaman Aungshuman
- Zambito Stefano
- Zanzi Daniele
- Zeitnitz Christian
- Zeman Martin
- Zemla Andrzej
- Zeng Jian Cong
- Zeng Qi
- Zenin Oleg
- Zerwas Dirk
- Zhang Dongliang
- Zhang Fangzhou
- Zhang Guangyi
- Zhang Huijun
- Zhang Jinlong
- Zhang Lei
- Zhang Liqing
- Zhang Matt
- Zhang Rui
- Zhang Ruiqi
- Zhang Xueyao
- Zhang Yu
- Zhang Zhiqing
- Zhao Xiandong
- Zhao Yongke
- Zhao Zhengguo
- Zhemchugov Alexey
- Zhong Jiahang
- Zhou Bing
- Zhou Chen
- Zhou Li
- Zhou Maosen
- Zhou Mingliang
- Zhou Ning
- Zhu Cheng Guan
- Zhu Hongbo
- Zhu Junjie
- Zhu Yingchun
- Zhuang Xuai
- Zhukov Konstantin
- Zibell Andre
- Zieminska Daria
- Zimine Nikolai
- Zimmermann Christoph
- Zimmermann Stephanie
- Zinonos Zinonas
- Zinser Markus
- Ziolkowski Michael
- Zobernig Georg
- Zoccoli Antonio
- Zou Rui
- zur Nedden Martin
- Zwalinski Lukasz
- Åkesson Torsten Pa
- Ženiš Tibor
- Živković Lidija
- Άlvarez Piqueras Damián
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- 08/06/2017
- Field of study
The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Ab Khan Moien
- Abbas Qamar
- Abbasi Behzad
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasi-Kangevari Zeinab
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed Abdelwahab
- Abdoli Gholamreza
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abdulkadir Hanan Abdulkadir
- AbdulmuhsinMohammad Karzan
- Abedi Aidin
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abidi Hassan
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Absalan Abdorrahim
- Abtew Yonas Derso
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Achappa Basavaprabhu
- Acheson Alistair R.
- Acuna Juan Manuel
- Addison Daniel
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adegboye Oyelola A.
- Adesina Miracle Ayomikun
- Adnan Mohammad
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Advani Shailesh M.
- Afrin Sumia
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Aggarwal Manik
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Araz Ramazan
- Ahmad Rizwan
- Ahmad Sohail
- Ahmadi Sepideh
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A.
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Aiman Wajeeha
- Ajami Marjan
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akbarzadeh-Khiavi Mostafa
- Aklilu Addis
- Akonde Maxwell
- Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Montasir Ahmed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.
- Al-Rifai Rami H. Hani
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tammemi Alaa B.
- Alahdab Fares
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M.
- Alessy Saleh Ali
- Algammal Abdelazeem M.
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Adel Hajj
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Hiwa Abubaker
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Syed Shujait
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Alipour Vahid
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alkhayyat Motasem
- Almustanyir Sami
- Alonso Nivaldo
- Alqalyoobi Shehabaldin
- Altawalah Haya
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Amare Firehiwot
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amirzade-Iranaq Mohammad Hosein
- Amu Hubert
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderson Jason A.
- Animut Yaregal Animut
- Anoushiravani Amir
- Anoushirvani Ali Arash
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Ansha Mustafa Geleto
- Antony Benny
- Antwi Maxwell Hubert
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Arab-Zozani Morteza
- Arabloo Jalal
- Aremu Olatunde
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- Vos Theo
- Vu Linh Gia
- Wadood Abdul Wadood
- Waheed Yasir
- Walde Mandaras Tariku
- Wamai Richard G.
- Wang Cong
- Wang Fang
- Wang Ning
- Wang Yu
- Ward Paul
- Waris Abdul
- Westerman Ronny
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Woldemariam Melat
- Woldu Berhanu
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Rixing
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadav Lalit
- Yang Lin
- Yazdanpanah Fereshteh
- Yeshaw Yigizie
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Younis Mustafa Z.
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yousefian Fatemeh
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yunusa Ismaeel
- Zahir Mazyar
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zare Fariba
- Zare Iman
- Zareshahrabadi Zahra
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeineddine Mohammad A.
- Zhang Dongyu
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhou Linghui
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Publication venue
- ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
- Publication date
- 01/08/2022
- Field of study
Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% 47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% 32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% 27.9-42.8] and 33.3% 25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abate Kalkidan Hassen
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdurehman Ame Mehadi
- Abebe Getachew
- Abidi Hassan
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Aboye Girma Beressa Aboye
- Abtew Yonas Derso
- Accrombessi Manfred Mario Kokou
- Adane Denberu Eshetie Adane
- Adane Tigist Demssew
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adesina Miracle Ayomikun
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Agustina Rina
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmadi Sepideh
- Ahmed Rashid Tarik
- Ahmed Ayman
- Aiman Wajeeha
- Ajami Marjan
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Al-Rifai Rami H
- Alahdab Fares
- Alam Nazmul
- Alemayehu Astawus
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Muhammad Ashar
- Almustanyir Sami
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Alvand Saba
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Amer Yasser Sami Abdel Dayem
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amu Hubert
- Anagaw Tadele Fentabil
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anoushirvani Ali Arash
- Antwi Maxwell Hubert
- Anvari Davood
- Arabloo Jalal
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Ariffin Hany
- Aripov Timur
- Arja Asrat
- Arndt Michael Benjamin
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Ashraf Tahira
- Asresie Melash Belachew
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atlaw Daniel
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Awoke Andargie Abate
- Awoke Mamaru Ayenew
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azangou-Khyavy Mohammadreza
- B Darshan B
- Badawi Alaa
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghcheghi Nayereh
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bagherieh Sara
- Baig Atif Amin
- Banach Maciej
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Bantie Abere Tilahun
- Barr Ronald D
- Barrow Amadou
- Bashiri Azadeh
- Basu Saurav
- Batiha Abdul-Monim Mohammad
- Begum Tahmina
- Belete Melaku Ashagrie
- Belo Luis
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Berhie Alemshet Yirga
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhardwaj Nikha
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhat Ajay Nagesh
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bikbov Boris
- Billah Sk Masum
- Birara Setognal
- Bishai Jessica Devin
- Bitaraf Saeid
- Boloor Archith
- Botelho João Silva Botelho
- Burkart Katrin
- Calina Daniela
- Cembranel Francieli
- Cercy Kelly M
- Chakraborty Promit Ananyo
- Chanie Gashaw Sisay
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chen Catherine S
- Chien Ju-Huei
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eunice
- Criqui Michael H
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Dadras Omid
- Dagnew Gizachew Worku
- Dai Xiaochen
- Danawi Hadi A
- Dandona Lalit
- Dandona Rakhi
- Darwesh Aso Mohammad
- Das Jai K
- Das Saswati
- De la Cruz-Góngora Vanessa
- Demisse Fitsum Wolde
- Demissie Solomon
- Demsie Desalegn Getnet
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Desalegn Markos Desalegn
- Dessalegn Fikadu Nugusu
- Dessie Gashaw
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dhingra Sameer
- Diaz Daniel
- Didehdar Mojtaba
- Dirac M Ashworth
- Diress Mengistie
- Doaei Saeid
- Dodangeh Milad
- Doku Paul Narh
- Dongarwar Deepa
- Dora Bezabih Terefe
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- El-Huneidi Waseem
- Elagali Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa
- Elbahnasawy Mostafa Ahmed
- Elbarazi Iffat
- ElGohary Ghada Metwally Tawfik
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Elmonem Mohamed A
- Enyew Daniel Berhanie
- Eshetu Habitu Birhan
- Ewald Samuel B
- Ezzeddini Rana
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fasanmi Abidemi Omolara
- Fatehizadeh Ali
- Fekadu Ginenus
- Feyisa Bikila Regassa
- Fischer Florian
- Fitzgerald Ryan
- Foroutan Masoud
- Fowobaje Kayode Raphael
- Fuller Kia
- Gadanya Muktar A
- Gaidhane Abhay Motiramji
- Gaihre Santosh
- Gaipov Abduzhappar
- Galali Yaseen
- Galehdar Nasrin
- Gardner William M
- Garg Priyanka
- Garg Tushar
- Gebremariam Yosef Haile
- Gebremedhin Ketema Bizuwork
- Gebremichael Berhe
- Gela Yibeltal Yismaw
- Gerema Urge
- Getacher Lemma
- Ghaffari Kazem
- Ghafourifard Mansour
- Ghamari Seyyed-Hadi
- Ghasemi Nour Mohammad
- Ghashghaee Ahmad
- Gholamalizadeh Maryam
- Ghozy Sherief
- Gizaw Abraham Tamirat T
- Glasbey James C
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Goleij Pouya
- Golitaleb Mohamad
- Goulart Alessandra C
- Goyomsa Girma Garedew
- Guadie Habtamu Alganeh
- Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
- Gudisa Zewdie
- Gunawardane Damitha Asanga
- Gupta Rahul
- Gupta Rajat Das
- Gupta Sapna
- Gupta Vivek Kumar
- Guta Alemu
- Habibzadeh Parham
- Hagins Hailey
- Hamidi Samer
- Handal Alexis J
- Hanif Asif
- Hannan Md Abdul
- Harapan Harapan
- Harorani Mehdi
- Hasaballah Ahmed I
- Hasan Md Mehedi
- Hasani Hamidreza
- Hassankhani Hadi
- Hassen Mohammed Bheser
- Hay Simon I
- Hayat Khezar
- Heidari Golnaz
- Hennessy Conor
- Hess Sonja Y
- Heyi Demisu Zenbaba
- Hezam Kamal
- Hiraike Yuta
- Holla Ramesh
- Hossain Sheikh Jamal
- Hosseini Kaveh
- Hosseini Mohammad-Salar
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
- Hostiuc Mihaela
- Hostiuc Sorin
- Huang Junjie
- Hussain Salman
- Hussien Foziya Mohammed
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen
- Ilic Irena M
- Immurana Mustapha
- Inbaraj Leeberk Raja
- Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
- Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah
- J Linda Merin
- Jamshidi Elham
- Janodia Manthan Dilipkumar
- Jayarajah Umesh
- Jayaram Shubha
- Jebai Rime
- Jemal Bedru
- Jeyakumar Angeline
- Jha Ravi Prakash
- Jonas Jost B
- Joseph Nitin
- Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy
- Kabir Ali
- Kalankesh Laleh R
- Kalhor Rohollah
- Kamal Vineet Kumar
- Kandel Himal
- Kanko Tesfaye K
- Karaye Ibraheem M
- Kashoo Faizan Zaffar
- Kassebaum Nicholas J
- Katoto Patrick DMC
- Kauppila Joonas H
- Kaur Harkiran
- Kayode Gbenga A
- Kebede Adera Debella
- Keshri Vikash Ranjan
- Keykhaei Mohammad
- Khader Yousef Saleh
- Khajuria Himanshu
- Khalid Nauman
- Khammarnia Mohammad
- Khan Imteyaz A
- Khan Moien AB
- Khatab Khaled
- Khazaei Zaher
- Khubchandani Jagdish
- Kim Yun Jin
- Kimokoti Ruth W
- Kisa Sezer
- Kompani Farzad
- Kosen Soewarta
- Koulmane Laxminarayana Sindhura Lakshmi
- Krishan Kewal
- Kuate Defo Barthelemy
- Kuddus Mohammed
- Kumar G Anil
- Kumar Naveen
- Kumar Nithin
- Kurmi Om P
- Kuti Oluwatosin
- Lal Dharmesh Kumar
- Landires Iván
- Larsson Anders O
- Lassi Zohra S
- Latief Kamaluddin
- Laxmaiah Avula
- Ledda Caterina
- Lee Sang-woong
- Legesse Samson Mideksa
- Lim Stephen S
- Liu Xuefeng
- Lorenzovici László
- Machado Vanessa Sintra Machado
- Mahajan Preetam Bhalchandra
- Mahjoub Soleiman
- Mahmoodpoor Ata
- Mahmoudi Elham
- Malakan Rad Elaheh
- Mallhi Tauqeer Hussain
- Malta Deborah Carvalho
- Masoudi Sahar
- Masoumi Seyedeh Zahra
- McHugh Theresa A
- Medina John Robert Carabeo
- Mejia-Rodriguez Fabiola
- Mendes José João Mendes
- Mendoza Walter
- Mendoza-Cano Oliver
- Mentis Alexios-Fotios A
- Meresa Haftu Asmerom
- Mestrovic Tomislav
- Miazgowski Tomasz
- Mirghafourvand Mojgan
- Mirica Andreea
- Mirza Moonis
- Misganaw Awoke
- Misra Sanjeev
- Mohammad Dara K
- Mohammadi Shadieh
- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mohan Syam
- Moka Nagabhishek
- Mokdad Ali H
- Momtazmanesh Sara
- Monasta Lorenzo
- Moni Mohammad Ali
- Moosavi Delaram
- Moradi Maryam
- Mosapour Abbas
- Mostafavi Ebrahim
- Muche Temesgen
- Mulita Francesk
- Mulu Getaneh Baye
- Murray Christopher J L
- Musina Ana-Maria
- Mustafa Ghulam
- Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman
- Nair Tapas Sadasivan
- Narasimha Swamy Sreenivas
- Nassereldine Hasan
- Natto Zuhair S
- Nayak Biswa Prakash
- Naz Shumaila
- Negoi Ionut
- Negoi Ruxandra Irina
- Nguefack-Tsague Georges
- Ngunjiri Josephine W
- Niazi Robina Khan
- Noori Maryam
- Nowroozi Ali
- Nurrika Dieta
- Nuruzzaman Khan M
- Nzoputam Ogochukwu Janet
- Oancea Bogdan
- Obaidur Rahman Md
- Obsa Mohammed Mohammed Suleiman Suleiman
- Odhiambo Julius Nyerere
- Ogunsakin Ropo Ebenezer
- Okati-Aliabad Hassan
- Okonji Osaretin Christabel
- Oladunjoye Adeolu Olufunso
- Oladunjoye Olubunmi Omotola
- Olagunju Andrew T
- Olufadewa Isaac Iyinoluwa
- Omar Bali Ahmed
- Omonisi Abidemi E Emmanuel
- Ortiz Alberto
- Owolabi Mayowa O
- Padubidri Jagadish Rao
- Pakzad Reza
- Palicz Tamás
- Pandey Anamika
- Pandya Apurva Kumar
- Papadopoulou Paraskevi
- Pardhan Shahina
- Patel Jay
- Pathak Ashish
- Pathan Aslam Ramjan
- Paudel Rajan
- Paudel Uttam
- Pawar Shrikant
- Pereira Gavin
- Perico Norberto
- Perna Simone
- Perumal Nandita
- Perumalsamy Navaraj
- Petcu Ionela-Roxana
- Pickering Brandon V
- Piracha Zahra Zahid
- Pollok Richard Charles G
- Pradhan Pranil Man Singh
- Prashant Akila
- Qattea Ibrahim
- Quazi Syed Zahiruddin
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahimi Mehran
- Rahman Azizur
- Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahman Mosiur
- Rahmani Amir Masoud
- Rahmani Shayan
- Rai Rajesh Kumar
- Raimondo Ivano
- Rajaa Sathish
- Ram Pradhum
- Rana Juwel
- Ranjha Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz
- Rao Chythra R
- Rao Sowmya J
- Rashedi Sina
- Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi
- Rawaf Salman
- Rawal Lal
- Raza Rabail Zehra
- Razo Christian
- Redwan Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed
- Remuzzi Giuseppe
- Rezaei Maryam
- Rezaei Nazila
- Rezaei Negar
- Richards Toby
- Rickard Jennifer
- Rodriguez Jefferson Antonio Buendia
- Roever Leonardo
- Roshandel Gholamreza
- Roy Bedanta
- Rwegerera Godfrey M
- Saad Aly M A
- Sabour Siamak
- Saddik Basema
- Sadeghi Malihe
- Sadeghian Saeid
- Saeed Umar
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahoo Harihar
- Salem Marwa Rashad
- Samy Abdallah M
- Sankararaman Senthilkumar
- Santoro Rocco
- Santos Itamar S
- Satpathy Maheswar
- Saya Ganesh Kumar
- Seboka Binyam Tariku
- Senbeta Anbissa Muleta
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Seylani Allen
- Shafeghat Melika
- Shah Pritik A
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shanawaz Mohd
- Shannawaz Mohammed
- Sharew Mequannent Melaku Sharew
- Sharma Purva
- Sheikhi Rahim Ali
- Shenoy Suchitra M
- Shetty Adithi
- Shetty B Suresh Kumar
- Shetty Jeevan K
- Shetty Pavanchand H
- Shin Jae Il
- Shivalli Siddharudha
- Shivarov Velizar
- Shobeiri Parnian
- Shorofi Seyed Afshin
- Sikder Mustafa Kamal
- Sima Ali Reza
- Simegn Wudneh
- Singh Jasvinder A
- Singh Narinder Pal
- Singh Paramdeep
- Singh Surjit
- Siraj Md Shahjahan
- Sisay Yordanos
- Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna
- Solomon Yonatan
- Song Yi
- Sorensen Reed J D
- Stanaway Jeffrey D
- Suchdev Parminder S
- Sufiyan Mu'awiyyah Babale
- Sultana Saima
- Szeto Mindy D
- Tabaeian Seidamir Pasha
- Tahamtan Alireza
- Taheri Soodejani Moslem
- Taheri Majid
- Tamir Zemenu
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tariqujjaman Md
- Tarkang Elvis Enowbeyang
- Tat Nathan Y
- Taylor Heather Jean
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Thapar Rekha
- Thiyagarajan Arulmani
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tigabu Bereket M
- Tiyuri Amir
- Tobe-Gai Ruoyan
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tran Mai Thi Ngoc
- Tusa Biruk Shalmeno
- Ullah Irfan
- Umer Abdurezak Adem
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Vacante Marco
- Valadan Tahbaz Sahel
- Valdez Pascual R
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vaziri Siavash
- Verma Madhur verma
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Vervoort Dominique
- Vilchis-Tella Victor M
- Vu Linh Gia
- Wagaye Birhanu
- Weldegebreal Fitsum
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Woldemariam Melat
- Wonde Tewodros Eshete
- Wubetie Gedif Ashebir
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yari Kheirollah
- Yazdanpanah Fereshteh
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yigit Arzu
- Yisihak Eshetu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Young Melissa F
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yunusa Ismaeel
- Zahir Mazyar
- Zaki Leila
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zamora Nelson
- Zare Iman
- Zareshahrabadi Zahra
- Zenebe Getachew Assefa
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zheng Peng
- Zoeckler Leo Zucker
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2023
- Field of study
Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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- Abate Semagn Mekonnen
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdoli Amir
- Abdoli Gholamreza
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Vida
- Abegaz Tadesse M
- Abidi Hassan
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abtew Yonas Derso
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Abubaker Ali Hiwa
- Adamu Kidist
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adnan Mohammad
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Araz Ramazan
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Sepideh
- Ahmed Rashid Tarik
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Jivan Qasim
- Akbarzadeh-Khiavi Mostafa
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al-Jumaily Adel
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Al-Rifai Rami H Hani
- Albano Luciana
- Albertson Samuel B
- Aldeyab Mamoon A
- Alemu Bezatu Mengistie
- Alene Kefyalew Addis
- Algammal Abdelazeem M
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Musa Mohammed
- Ali Syed Shujait
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Alipour Vahid
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almustanyir Sami
- AlRyalat Saif Aldeen S
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Aminian Dehkordi Javad Javad
- Amuasi John H
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Anbesu Etsay Woldu
- Ansar Adnan
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Arabloo Jalal
- Areda Demelash
- Argaw Ayele Mamo
- Argaw Zeleke Gebru
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Asemahagn Mulusew A
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atlaw Daniel
- Attia Engi F
- Attia Sameh
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Awoke Tewachew
- Ayana Tegegn Mulatu
- Ayanore Martin Amogre
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azangou-Khyavy Mohammadreza
- Azari Jafari Amirhossein
- Azari Samad
- Badar Muhammad
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghcheghi Nayereh
- Bagherieh Sara
- Baig Atif Amin
- Banach Maciej
- Banerjee Indrajit
- Bardhan Mainak
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barrow Amadou
- Bashiri Azadeh
- Bassat Quique
- Batiha Abdul-Monim Mohammad
- Belachew Abate Bekele
- Belete Melaku Ashagrie
- Belgaumi Uzma Iqbal
- Bender Rose G.
- Bennitt Fiona B
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhardwaj Nikha
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhatt Parth
- Bhojaraja Vijayalakshmi S
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bhuyan Soumitra S
- Biehl Molly H
- Bijani Ali
- Bitaraf Saeid
- Bodicha Belay Boda Abule
- Brauer Michael
- Briko Nikolay Ivanovich
- Bryazka Dana
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Burkart Katrin
- Butt Muhammad Hammad
- Cai Jiao
- Camargos Paulo
- Chakraborty Promit Ananyo
- Chanie Muluken Genetu
- Charan Jaykaran
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Ching Patrick R
- Choi Sungchul
- Chong Yuen Yu
- Choudhari Sonali Gajanan
- Chowdhury Enayet Karim
- Christopher Devasahayam J
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Cobb Natalie L
- Cohen Aaron J
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Dadras Omid
- Dagnaw Fentaw Teshome
- Dai Xiaochen
- Dandona Lalit
- Dandona Rakhi
- Dao An Thi Minh
- Debela Sisay Abebe
- Demisse Biniyam
- Demisse Fitsum Wolde
- Demissie Solomon
- Dereje Diriba
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Desta Abebaw Alemayehu
- Desye Belay
- Dhingra Sameer
- Diao Nancy
- Diaz Daniel
- Digesa Lankamo Ena
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- Hezam Kamal
- Holla Ramesh
- Hong Sung Hwi
- Horita Nobuyuki
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- Immurana Mustapha
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- Iwagami Masao
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- Javadi Mamaghani Amirreza
- Javaheri Tahereh
- Javanmardi Fatemeh
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- Kaur Harkiran
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- Mir Shabir Ahmad
- Mirfakhraie Reza
- Mirmoeeni Seyyedmohammadsadeq
- Mirza Agha Zeeshan
- Mirza Moonis
- Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari Mohammad
- Misganaw Abay Sisay
- Misganaw Awoke Temesgen
- Mohammadi Esmaeil
- Mohammadi Mokhtar
- Mohammed Arif
- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mohan Syam
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- Narasimha Swamy Sreenivas
- Natto Zuhair S
- Nayak Biswa Prakash
- Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria
- Nguyen Huy Van Nguyen
- Niazi Robina Khan
- Nogueira de Sá Antonio Tolentino
- Nouraei Hasti
- Novotney Amanda
- Nowroozi Ali
- Nuñez-Samudio Virginia
- Nzoputam Chimezie Igwegbe
- Nzoputam Ogochukwu Janet
- Oancea Bogdan
- Ochir Chimedsuren
- Odukoya Oluwakemi Ololade
- Okati-Aliabad Hassan
- Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul
- Okonji Osaretin Christabel
- Olagunju Andrew T
- Olufadewa Isaac Iyinoluwa
- Omar Bali Ahmed
- Omer Emad
- Oren Eyal
- Ota Erika
- Otstavnov Nikita
- Oulhaj Abderrahim
- P A Mahesh
- Padubidri Jagadish Rao
- Pakshir Keyvan
- Pakzad Reza
- Palicz Tamás
- Pandey Anamika
- Pant Suman
- Pardhan Shahina
- Park Eun-Cheol
- Park Eun-Kee
- Pashazadeh Kan Fatemeh
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- Pereira Gavin
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- Perumalsamy Navaraj
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- Pourasghari Hamid
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- Raad Mathieu
- Rabiee Mohammad
- Rabiee Navid
- Raeghi Saber
- Rafiei Alireza
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahimi Mehran
- Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa
- Rahman Azizur
- Rahman Md Obaidur
- Rahman Mosiur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rahmani Amir Masoud
- Rahmanian Vahid
- Ram Pradhum
- Ramezanzadeh Kiana
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- Ranasinghe Priyanga
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- Saddik Basema
- Sadeghi Erfan
- Saeed Umar
- Safary Azam
- Safi Sher Zaman
- Sahebazzamani Maryam
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sakhamuri Sateesh
- Salehi Sana
- Salman Muhammad
- Samadi Kafil Hossein
- Samy Abdallah M
- Santric-Milicevic Milena M
- Sao Jose Bruno Piassi
- Sarkhosh Maryam
- Sathian Brijesh
- Sawhney Monika
- Saya Ganesh Kumar
- Seidu Abdul-Aziz
- Seylani Allen
- Shaheen Amira A
- Shaikh Masood Ali
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- Sharhani Asaad
- Sharifi Azam
- Sharma Purva
- Sheidaei Ali
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- Shiferaw Damtew Solomon
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shin Jae Il
- Shirzad-Aski Hesamaddin
- Shivakumar K M
- Shivalli Siddharudha
- Shobeiri Parnian
- Simegn Wudneh
- Simpson Colin R
- Singh Harpreet
- Singh Jasvinder A
- Singh Paramdeep
- Sirota Sarah Brooke
- Siwal Samarjeet Singh
- Skryabin Valentin Yurievich
- Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna
- Soltani-Zangbar Mohammad Sadegh
- Song Suhang
- Song Yimeng
- Sood Prashant
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T
- Steiropoulos Paschalis
- Suleman Muhammad
- Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir
- Tahamtan Alireza
- Taheri Soodejani Moslem
- Taheri Majid
- Taki Elahe
- Talaat Iman M
- Tampa Mircea
- Tandukar Sarmila
- Tat Nathan Y
- Tat Vivian Y
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Temesgen Gebremaryam
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Tesfaye Azene
- Tesfaye Degefa Gomora
- Tessema Belay
- Thapar Rekha
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tiyuri Amir
- Tleyjeh Imad I
- Togtmol Munkhsaikhan
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Troeger Christopher E.
- Tufa Derara Girma
- Ullah Irfan
- Upadhyay Era
- Valadan Tahbaz Sahel
- Valdez Pascual R
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Vardavas Constantine
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vo Bay
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Vu Linh Gia
- Wagaye Birhanu
- Waheed Yasir
- Wang Yu
- Waris Abdul
- West T Eoin
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yahya Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib
- Yahyazadeh Jabbari Seyed Hossein
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zandifar Alireza
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zar Heather J
- Zare Iman
- Zareshahrabadi Zahra
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeng Wu
- Zhang Mengxi
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Jeff T
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Summary
Background
The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories.
Methods
In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors.
Findings
Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths.
Interpretation
The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities
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Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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- Aali Amirali
- Abate Semagn Mekonnen
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasi-Kangevari Zeinab
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abebe Getachew
- Abedi Aidin
- Abhari Amir Parsa
- Abidi Hassan
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Absalan Abdorrahim
- Abubaker Ali Hiwa
- Acuna Juan Manuel
- Adane Tigist Demssew
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adnan Mohammad
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Aghdam Zahra Babaei
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Araz Ramazan
- Ahmad Rizwan
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Sohail
- Ahmadi Sepideh
- Ahmed Rashid Tarik
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Jivan Qasim
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akbarzadeh-Khiavi Mostafa
- Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Alahdab Fares
- Aldeyab Mamoon A
- Aleman Alicia V
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Syed Shujait
- Alimohamadi Yousef
- Alipour Vahid
- Alizadeh Atiyeh
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Allel Kasim
- Almustanyir Sami
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amit Arianna Maever L
- Anandavelane Nivedita
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Anggraini Dewi
- Ansar Adnan
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Arabloo Jalal
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Areda Demelash
- Aripov Timur
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Asaduzzaman Muhammad
- Ashraf Tahira
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atlaw Daniel
- Attia Sameh
- Ausloos Marcel
- Awoke Tewachew
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
- Ayana Tegegn Mulatu
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azari Jafari Amirhossein
- B Darshan B
- Badar Muhammad
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghcheghi Nayereh
- Bagherieh Sara
- Baig Atif Amin
- Banerjee Indrajit
- Barac Aleksandra
- Bardhan Mainak
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barrow Amadou
- Baskaran Pritish
- Basu Saurav
- Batiha Abdul-Monim Mohammad
- Bedi Neeraj
- Belete Melaku Ashagrie
- Belgaumi Uzma Iqbal
- Bender Rose G
- Bhandari Bharti
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhattacharyya Krittika
- Bhattarai Suraj
- Bitaraf Saeid
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Butt Zahid A
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Cai Jiao
- Calina Daniela
- Camargos Paulo
- Cevik Muge
- Chadwick Joshua
- Charan Jaykaran
- Chaurasia Akhilanand
- Ching Patrick R
- Choudhari Sonali Gajanan
- Chowdhury Enayet Karim
- Chowdhury Fazle Rabbi
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Cárdenas Rosario
- Dadras Omid
- Dagnaw Fentaw Teshome
- Dai Xiaochen
- Das Saswati
- Dastiridou Anna
- Davis Weaver Nicole
- Debela Sisay Abebe
- Demisse Fitsum Wolde
- Demissie Solomon
- Dereje Diriba
- Derese Msganaw
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Dessalegn Fikadu Nugusu
- Dessalegni Samuel Abebe A
- Desye Belay
- Dhaduk Kartik
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dhingra Sameer
- Diao Nancy
- Diaz Daniel
- Djalalinia Shirin
- Dodangeh Milad
- Dolecek Christiane
- Dongarwar Deepa
- Dora Bezabih Terefe
- Dorostkar Fariba
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Dubljanin Eleonora
- Dunachie Susanna J
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Ejigu Habtamu Bekele
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El-Abid Hassan
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Elmonem Mohamed A
- Emami Amir
- Engelbert Bain Luchuo
- Enyew Daniel Berhanie
- Erkhembayar Ryenchindorj
- Eshrati Babak
- Etaee Farshid
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Falahi Shahab
- Fallahzadeh Aida
- Faraon Emerito Jose A
- Fatehizadeh Ali
- Fekadu Ginenus
- Fernandes João C
- Ferrari Allegra
- Fetensa Getahun
- Filip Irina
- Fischer Florian
- Foroutan Masoud
- Gaal Peter Andras
- Gadanya Muktar A
- Gaidhane Abhay Motiramji
- Ganesan Balasankar
- Gebrehiwot Mesfin
- Gershberg Hayoon Anna
- Ghanbari Reza
- Ghasemi Nour Mohammad
- Ghashghaee Ahmad
- Gholamrezanezhad Ali
- Gholizadeh Abdolmajid
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Goleij Pouya
- Golinelli Davide
- Goodridge Amador
- Gray Authia P
- Gunawardane Damitha Asanga
- Guo Yuming
- Gupta Rajat Das
- Gupta Sapna
- Gupta Veer Bala
- Gupta Vivek Kumar
- Guta Alemu
- Habibzadeh Parham
- Haddadi Avval Atlas
- Halwani Rabih
- Han Chieh
- Hanif Asif
- Hannan Md. Abdul
- Harapan Harapan
- Hassan Shoaib
- Hassankhani Hadi
- Hay Simon I
- Hayat Khezar
- Heibati Behzad
- Heidari Golnaz
- Heidari Mohammad
- Heidari-Soureshjani Reza
- Herteliu Claudiu
- Heyi Demisu Zenbaba
- Hezam Kamal
- Hoogar Praveen
- Horita Nobuyuki
- Hossain Md Mahbub
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
- Hostiuc Mihaela
- Hostiuc Sorin
- Hoveidamanesh Soodabeh
- Huang Junjie
- Hussain Salman
- Hussein Nawfal R
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Ikuta Kevin S
- Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen
- Ilic Irena M
- Ilic Milena D
- Imam Mohammad Tarique
- Immurana Mustapha
- Inbaraj Leeberk Raja
- Iradukunda Arnaud
- Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah
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- Iwu Chinwe Juliana
- J Linda Merin
- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
- Jamshidi Elham
- Javaheri Tahereh
- Javanmardi Fatemeh
- Javidnia Javad
- Jayapal Sathish Kumar
- Jayarajah Umesh
- Jebai Rime
- Jha Ravi Prakash
- Joo Tamas
- Joseph Nitin
- Joukar Farahnaz
- Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy
- Kacimi Salah Eddine Oussama
- Kadashetti Vidya
- Kalankesh Laleh R
- Kalhor Rohollah
- Kamal Vineet Kumar
- Kandel Himal
- Kapoor Neeti
- Karkhah Samad
- Kassa Bekalu Getnet
- Kassebaum Nicholas J
- Katoto Patrick DMC
- Keykhaei Mohammad
- Khajuria Himanshu
- Khan Abbas
- Khan Imteyaz A
- Khan Maseer
- Khan Md Nuruzzaman
- Khan Moien AB
- Khatatbeh Moawiah Mohammad
- Khater Mona M
- Khayat Kashani Hamid Reza
- Khubchandani Jagdish
- Kim Hanna
- Kim Min Seo
- Kimokoti Ruth W
- Kissoon Niranjan
- Kochhar Sonali
- Kompani Farzad
- Kosen Soewarta
- Koul Parvaiz A
- Koulmane Laxminarayana Sindhura Lakshmi
- Krapp Lopez Fiorella
- Krishan Kewal
- Krishnamoorthy Vijay
- Kulkarni Vishnutheertha
- Kumar Naveen
- Kurmi Om P
- Kuttikkattu Ambily
- Kyu Hmwe Hmwe
- Lal Dharmesh Kumar
- Landires Iván
- Lasrado Savita
- Lee Sang-woong
- Lenzi Jacopo
- Lewycka Sonia
- Li Shanshan
- Lim Stephen S
- Liu Wei
- Lodha Rakesh
- Loftus Michael J
- Lohiya Ayush
- Lorenzovici László
- Lotfi Mojgan
- Lám Judit
- Mahmoodpoor Ata
- Mahmoud Mansour Adam
- Mahmoudi Razzagh
- Majeed Azeem
- Majidpoor Jamal
- Makki Alaa
- Mamo Galana Ayana
- Manla Yosef
- Martorell Miquel
- Matei Clara N
- McManigal Barney
- Mehrabi Nasab Entezar
- Mehrotra Ravi
- Melese Addisu
- Mendoza-Cano Oliver
- Menezes Ritesh G
- Mentis Alexios-Fotios A
- Mestrovic Tomislav
- Micha Georgia
- Michalek Irmina Maria
- Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá Ana Carolina
- Milevska Kostova Neda
- Mir Shabir Ahmad
- Mirghafourvand Mojgan
- Mirmoeeni Seyyedmohammadsadeq
- Mirrakhimov Erkin M
- Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari Mohammad
- Misganaw Abay Sisay
- Misganaw Awoke
- Misra Sanjeev
- Mohammadi Esmaeil
- Mohammadi Mokhtar
- Mohammadian-Hafshejani Abdollah
- Mohammed Shafiu
- Mohan Syam
- Mohseni Mohammad
- Mokdad Ali H
- Momtazmanesh Sara
- Monasta Lorenzo
- Moore Catrin E
- Moradi Sarabi Mostafa
- Moradi Maryam
- Morrison Shane Douglas
- Motaghinejad Majid
- Mousavi Isfahani Haleh
- Mousavi Khaneghah Amin
- Mousavi-Aghdas Seyed Ali
- Mubarik Sumaira
- Mulita Francesk
- Mulu Getaneh Baye B
- Munro Sandra B
- Murray Christopher J L
- Muthupandian Saravanan
- Naghavi Mohsen
- Nair Tapas Sadasivan
- Naqvi Atta Abbas
- Narang Himanshi
- Natto Zuhair S
- Naveed Muhammad
- Nayak Biswa Prakash
- Naz Shumaila
- Negoi Ionut
- Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria
- Neupane Kandel Sandhya
- Ngwa Che Henry
- Niazi Robina Khan
- Nogueira de Sá Antonio Tolentino
- Noroozi Nafise
- Nouraei Hasti
- Nowroozi Ali
- Nutor Jerry John
- Nuñez-Samudio Virginia
- Nzoputam Chimezie Igwegbe
- Nzoputam Ogochukwu Janet
- Oancea Bogdan
- Obaidur Rahman Md
- Ojha Vivek Anand
- Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul
- Okonji Osaretin Christabel
- Olagunju Andrew T
- Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola
- Omar Bali Ahmed
- Omer Emad
- Otstavnov Nikita
- Oumer Bilcha
- P A Mahesh
- Padubidri Jagadish Rao
- Pakshir Keyvan
- Palicz Tamás
- Pana Adrian
- Pardhan Shahina
- Paredes Jose L
- Parekh Utsav
- Park Eun-Cheol
- Park Seoyeon
- Pathak Ashish
- Paudel Rajan
- Paudel Uttam
- Pawar Shrikant
- Pazoki Toroudi Hamidreza
- Peng Minjin
- Pensato Umberto
- Pepito Veincent Christian Filipino
- Pereira Marcos
- Peres Mario F P
- Perico Norberto
- Petcu Ionela-Roxana
- Piracha Zahra Zahid
- Podder Indrashis
- Pokhrel Nayanum
- Poluru Ramesh
- Postma Maarten J
- Pourtaheri Naeimeh
- Prashant Akila
- Qattea Ibrahim
- Rabiee Mohammad
- Rabiee Navid
- Radfar Amir
- Raeghi Saber
- Rafiei Sima
- Raghav Pankaja Raghav
- Rahbarnia Leila
- Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa
- Rahman Mosiur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rahmani Amir Masoud
- Rahmanian Vahid
- Ram Pradhum
- Ranjha Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz
- Rao Sowmya J
- Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi
- Rasul Azad
- Ratan Zubair Ahmed
- Rawaf Salman
- Rawassizadeh Reza
- Razeghinia Mohammad Sadegh
- Redwan Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed
- Regasa Misganu Teshoma
- Remuzzi Giuseppe
- Reta Melese Abate
- Rezaei Nazila
- Rezapour Aziz
- Riad Abanoub
- Ripon Rezaul Karim
- Robles Aguilar Gisela
- Rudd Kristina E
- Saddik Basema
- Sadeghian Saeid
- Saeed Umar
- Safaei Mohsen
- Safary Azam
- Safi Sher Zaman
- Sahebazzamani Maryam
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahoo Harihar
- Salahi Saina
- Salahi Sarvenaz
- Salari Hedayat
- Salehi Sana
- Samadi Kafil Hossein
- Samy Abdallah M
- Sanadgol Nima
- Sankararaman Senthilkumar
- Sanmarchi Francesco
- Sartorius Benn
- Sathian Brijesh
- Sawhney Monika
- Saya Ganesh Kumar
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Seylani Allen
- Shah Pritik A
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shaker Elaheh
- Shakhmardanov Murad Ziyaudinovich
- Sharara Fablina
- Sharew Mequannent Melaku
- Sharifi-Razavi Athena
- Sharma Purva
- Sheikhi Rahim Ali
- Sheikhy Ali
- Shetty Pavanchand H
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shin Jae Il
- Shirzad-Aski Hesamaddin
- Shivakumar K M
- Shobeiri Parnian
- Shorofi Seyed Afshin
- Shrestha Sunil
- Sibhat Migbar Mekonnen
- Sidemo Negussie Boti
- Sikder Mustafa Kamal
- Silva Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
- Singh Jasvinder A
- Singh Paramdeep
- Singh Surjit
- Siraj Md Shahjahan
- Siwal Samarjeet Singh
- Skryabin Valentin Yurievich
- Skryabina Anna Aleksandrovna
- Socea Bogdan
- Solomon Damtew Damtew
- Song Yimeng
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T
- Suleman Muhammad
- Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan
- Sultana Saima
- Swetschinski Lucien R
- Szócska Miklós
- Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir
- Tabish Mohammad
- Taheri Majid
- Taki Elahe
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tandukar Sarmila
- Tat Nathan Y
- Tat Vivian Y
- Tefera Belay Negash
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Temesgen Gebremaryam
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Tharwat Samar
- Thiyagarajan Arulmani
- Tleyjeh Imad I
- Troeger Christopher E
- Umapathi Krishna Kishore
- Upadhyay Era
- Valadan Tahbaz Sahel
- Valdez Pascual R
- Van den Eynde Jef
- van Doorn H. Rogier
- Vaziri Siavash
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Viswanathan Harimadhav
- Vo Bay
- Waris Abdul
- Wassie Gizachew Tadesse
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wool Eve E
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yahya Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya
- Yahyazadeh Jabbari Seyed Hossein
- Yigit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Zahir Mazyar
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zare Iman
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zheng Peng
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
Summary
Background
Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes.
Methods
We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest.
Findings
From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths.
Interpretation
The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development