19 research outputs found

    Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

    Get PDF
    Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≀0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

    HOGYAN LEHET ÉLETET ADNI A RÉGI GAZDASÁGI FUNKCIÓKNAK?

    No full text
    Áden az Arab fĂ©lsziget csĂșcsĂĄn, a Vörös tenger bejĂĄratĂĄnĂĄl helyezkedik el, nĂ©gy mĂ©rföldre a kelet-nyugati hajĂłzĂĄsi ĂștvonaltĂłl. TermĂ©szetes mĂ©lyvizƱ kikötƑje hagyomĂĄnyosan a vilĂĄg egyik legforgalmasabb ĂŒzemanyag felvevƑ helyĂ©vĂ© tette, szolgĂĄlva a hajĂłk Szuezi csatornĂĄn valĂł ĂĄthaladĂĄsĂĄt. Az Ăłkori Áden, a karavĂĄnutak talĂĄlkozĂĄsĂĄnĂĄl az Arab fĂ©lsziget csĂșcsĂĄn a fƱszer- Ă©s a tömjĂ©nkereskedelem jelentƑs központja volt mĂĄr az i.e. 7. szĂĄzadban. A modern idƑkben (az 1839 Ă©s 1967 közötti idƑszakban) a britek szĂĄmĂĄra az arab vilĂĄg elsƑszĂĄmĂș kereskedelmi kikötƑje volt, Ă©s a vilĂĄg negyedik legfontosabb kikötƑjĂ©nek soroltĂĄk egykor. A fĂ©nykorĂĄban, az 1950-es Ă©vekben, napi 40-50 hajĂł kötött ki Áden kikötƑjĂ©ben, amivel New York utĂĄn a mĂĄsodik legforgalmasabb kereskedelmi kikötƑ volt. Jemen 1990-ben törtĂ©nt egyesĂ­tĂ©sĂ©t követƑen, Áden elhelyezkedĂ©sĂ©bƑl adĂłdĂł elƑnyök kihasznĂĄlĂĄsĂĄra szabad kereskedelmi övezettĂ© nyilvĂĄnĂ­tottĂĄk a vĂĄrost, egyben Jemen gazdasĂĄgi Ă©s kereskedelmi fƑvĂĄrosĂĄvĂĄ is tĂ©ve azt. A jemeni kormĂĄny jelentƑs beruhĂĄzĂĄsokat hajtott vĂ©gre a jemeni kikötƑ Ă©s reptĂ©r bƑvĂ­tĂ©sĂ©re, valamint azok szolgĂĄltatĂĄsainak fejlesztĂ©sĂ©re, tovĂĄbbĂĄ a vĂĄros infrastruktĂșrĂĄjĂĄnak megĂșjĂ­tĂĄsĂĄra is. A kormĂĄny kiemelt kezdemĂ©nyezĂ©se volt a PPP keretĂ©ben megvalĂłsĂ­tott Ádeni KontĂ©ner TerminĂĄl (ACT) lĂ©trehozĂĄsa, amely 1999 mĂĄrciusĂĄban nyĂ­lt meg. A terminĂĄl a gazdasĂĄgi tevĂ©kenysĂ©gek jelentƑs expanziĂłjĂĄt eredmĂ©nyezte az ĂĄdeni kikötƑben. Áden szabad kereskedelmi övezettĂ© nyilvĂĄnĂ­tĂĄsa, az ACT megĂ©pĂ­tĂ©se, valamint az infrastruktĂșra fejlesztĂ©sek talĂĄlkozott mind a hazai, mind a nemzetközi befektetƑk Ă©rdeklƑdĂ©sĂ©vel a mƱködĂ©s helyĂ©nek a vĂĄrosba törtĂ©nƑ helyezĂ©sĂ©re, tovĂĄbbĂĄ a szabad kereskedelmi övezet elƑnyeinek Ă©s a kikötƑi szolgĂĄltatĂĄsok kihasznĂĄlĂĄsĂĄra. 2001 decemberĂ©ben Áden hozzĂĄkezdett a helyi gazdasĂĄgfejlesztĂ©si stratĂ©gia megformĂĄlĂĄsĂĄhoz. A stratĂ©gia cĂ©lja a magĂĄnszektor termelĂ©kenysĂ©gĂ©nek tĂĄmogatĂĄsa, az ĂŒzleti környezet javĂ­tĂĄsa, beleĂ©rtve az Ășj magĂĄnbefektetĂ©sek szĂĄmĂĄra vonzĂłvĂĄ tĂ©telt, a vĂĄllalkozĂĄsok mƱködĂ©si kilĂĄtĂĄsainak fejlesztĂ©se. Az elmĂșlt nĂ©hĂĄny Ă©vben jelentƑs figyelem irĂĄnyult Áden vĂĄrosra Ă©s tanulmĂĄny kĂ©szĂŒlt rĂłla, ĂĄtdolgozott, megĂșjĂ­tott tervek a helyi gazdasĂĄg fejlesztĂ©sĂ©rƑ, klaszterelemzĂ©ssel, valamint tƑkebefektetĂ©si tervvel az elmĂșlt öt Ă©vben. Ipari szakĂ©rtƑk rĂ©szvĂ©telĂ©vel Ă©s ĂĄltaluk nyĂșjtott adatok alapjĂĄn megbecsĂŒltĂ©k a meglĂ©vƑ gazdasĂĄgi Ă©s fizikai vagyont, Ă©s hĂĄrom magas növekedĂ©si potenciĂĄlĂș stratĂ©giai terĂŒletet azonosĂ­tottak: kikötƑi, tengeri szolgĂĄltatĂĄsokat, a vendĂ©glĂĄtĂĄst Ă©s turizmust, valamint a feldolgozĂłipart. ------------------------------------------------------ Aden’s position at the tip of the Arabian Peninsula near the entrance to the Red Sea, only four miles from the main East-West shipping route, and its natural deep-water harbor have historically made the city one of the busiest refueling stations in the world, servicing most ships that pass through the Suez Canal. Aden is an ancient city and its status as a trading center dates back to the seventh century BC when it served as a station for merchants of spice and incense and a passageway for caravans traveling over the Arabian peninsula. In modern times (1839-1967), Aden was the primary trading post in the Arab region for the British and at one point ranked fourth among the world most important ports. At its peak, in 1950, the number of vessels that entered the port of Aden reached between 40 and 50 a day, putting Aden in second place after New York as the busiest port. After the unification of Yemen in 1990, and to capitalize on Aden’s location advantage, the city was declared a free trade zone, which further enhanced its role as the economic and commercial capital of Yemen. Since then, the Government of Yemen has invested significantly in the expansion of port and airport facilities, and in upgrading the city’s infrastructure. The government’s flagship initiative, through a public-private partnership, was the Aden Container Terminal (ACT), which opened for business in March 1999. The ACT stimulated a significant expansion of activities in the Port of Aden. Indeed, the declaration of Aden as a Free Zone, the construction of ACT, and the infrastructure investments have been met with growing interest from both national and international investors to locate operations in the city and capitalize on the free zone and port facilities. In December 2001, Aden began the formulation of a Local Economic Development Strategy. The objective of the Strategy is to support private sector productivity and enhance the business enabling environment, including attraction of new private investment and improving the prospects for business retention. In the last few years, significant attention and study has been directed at the city of Aden – a revised and updated master plan, an assessment of the local economy, a clusters analysis, and a priority capital investment plan have been prepared in the last five years. Through a participatory process, and with input from industry experts, Aden assessed its existing economic and physical assets, and identified three strategic areas with high growth potential – maritime services, hospitality and tourism, and manufacturing industries

    A jemeni mezƑgazdasĂĄg helyzete Ă©s jövƑbeni kilĂĄtĂĄsai

    No full text
    A tanulmĂĄny Jemennek, az Arab-fĂ©lsziget dĂ©lnyugati rĂ©szĂ©ben elhelyezkedƑ arab orszĂĄgnak a gazdasĂĄgi kihĂ­vĂĄsaival foglalkozik, azon belĂŒl is hangsĂșlyosan az agrĂĄrĂĄgazat helyzetĂ©re Ă©s kritikus kĂ©rdĂ©seire összpontosĂ­tva. Jemen, bĂĄr az Arab-fĂ©lsziget orszĂĄgai közĂŒl egyedĂŒl nem klasszikus „olajĂĄllam”, ennek ellenĂ©re szĂĄmottevƑ termĂ©szeti erƑforrĂĄsokkal Ă©s kereskedelmi, illetve stratĂ©giai szempontbĂłl kedvezƑ földrajzi adottsĂĄgokkal rendelkezik, mivel a Vörös-tenger Ă©s az Indiai-ĂłceĂĄn közti hajĂłzĂĄsi Ăștvonal kritikus pontja, a Bab el-Mandeb szoros mentĂ©n helyezkedik el. Az orszĂĄg ugyanakkor az utĂłbbi Ă©vtizedekben igen nehĂ©z idƑszakot Ă©lt ĂĄt. A fĂŒggetlensĂ©g megszerzĂ©se Ăłta az orszĂĄg kĂ©t rĂ©szre szakadĂĄsa, majd tĂ©nylegesen mĂĄig sem mƱködƑ ĂșjraegyesĂ­tĂ©se következett be. Ez stagnĂĄlĂł, romlĂł gazdasĂĄgi körĂŒlmĂ©nyeket Ă©s a jemeni tĂĄrsadalom helyzetĂ©nek tovĂĄbbi gazdasĂĄgi nehĂ©zsĂ©geit okozta. Azonban az utĂłbbi idƑben Jemen gazdasĂĄgi Ă©lĂ©nkĂŒlĂ©sĂ©t szĂĄmos belsƑ Ă©s kĂŒlsƑ tĂ©nyezƑ segĂ­tette. Ezek között a mezƑgazdasĂĄg infrastrukturĂĄlis Ă©s logisztikai fejlesztĂ©se Ă©s a lakossĂĄg mind nagyobb rĂ©szĂ©nek megĂ©lhetĂ©sĂ©t biztosĂ­tĂł mezƑgazdasĂĄg fellendĂ­tĂ©se Ă©s szerkezeti ĂĄtalakĂ­tĂĄsĂĄnak elƑmozdĂ­tĂĄsa emlĂ­thetƑ elsƑsorban. Ehhez szorosan kapcsolĂłdik az ĂĄdeni kikötƑ kiĂ©pĂ­tĂ©se Ă©s Ă­gy a hajĂłzĂĄsi-szĂĄllĂ­tĂĄsi forgalmĂĄnak ĂșjbĂłli fejlesztĂ©se. TanulmĂĄnyunkban Jemen mezƑgazdasĂĄgi helyzetĂ©nek ĂĄtfogĂł bemutatĂĄsa mellett a kibontakozĂĄsi lehetƑsĂ©geit, kilĂĄtĂĄsait Ă©s a fejlesztĂ©s fƑbb irĂĄnyait kĂ­vĂĄnjuk elemezni, amelyek között az egyik legjelentƑsebb terĂŒlet a mezƑgazdasĂĄg tovĂĄbbi strukturĂĄlis fejlesztĂ©se. A jemeni agrĂĄrtermelĂ©s helyzetĂ©nek, kilĂĄtĂĄsainak Ă©s problĂ©mĂĄinak ismeretĂ©ben lehetsĂ©ges az ĂĄgazat fejlesztĂ©si irĂĄnyainak meghatĂĄrozĂĄsa. Jelenleg az orszĂĄg komoly mĂ©rtĂ©kben Ă©lelmiszer-behozatalra szorul, ezĂ©rt fontos, hogy szĂŒksĂ©gleteinek mind nagyobb rĂ©szĂ©t belföldön ĂĄllĂ­tsĂĄk elƑ az Ă©lelmiszer-önellĂĄtĂĄs biztosĂ­tĂĄsa Ă©rdekĂ©ben. Emellett fontos cĂ©l az is, hogy Jemen egyes hazai termĂ©nyekbƑl, pĂ©ldĂĄul kĂĄvĂ©bĂłl jelentƑs exportƑrrĂ© vĂĄljon a közeljövƑben. A mezƑgazdasĂĄg fejlesztĂ©se a vidĂ©ki foglalkoztatottsĂĄg növelĂ©sĂ©t is cĂ©lozza a bƑvĂŒlƑ belföldi Ă©lelmiszer-ellĂĄtĂĄs helyzetĂ©nek javĂ­tĂĄsa Ă©s az orszĂĄg exportbevĂ©teleinek diverzifikĂĄlĂĄsa mellett. ------------------ In the study the authors gave an analytic insight to the economic challenges of Yemen, the country which is located in the southwestern part of the Arab peninsula, with special focus on the critical problems of the agricultural sector. Even though Yemen cannot be considered as a typical „oil-state”, like other countries in the Arab peninsula , it has significant amount of natural resources , moreover its geopolitical and geo-economic importance derives from its location (Yemen is located by Bab el-Mandeb Strait which is a critical point of the navigation route between the Red Sea and the Indian ocean.) The authors believe that the situation in Yemen, which can be characterized with all negative attributes of a long-lasting civil war, will be reconciliated and the economic policy-makers will then search the alternatives for such a development policy which will be able to lead Yemen out of its critical state towards prosperity. From among the reasonable alternatives, the development of the agricultural sector, including the necessary infrastructure and logistic background, seems to be the most promising, as it could bring about social development by creating a significant number of new jobs, moreover it could contribute to a better domestic food supply and agricultural export revenues by which the costs of food imports could be merely diminished as well

    The Self-Stigma of Depression Scale: Translation and Validation of the Arabic Version

    No full text
    Background: Self-stigma may feature strongly and be detrimental for people with depression, but the understanding of its nature and prevalence is limited by the lack of psychometrically validated measures. This study is aimed to validate the Arabic version self-stigma of depression scale (SSDS) among adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study involved 100 adolescents randomly selected. The analyses include face validation, factor analysis, and reliability testing. A test–retest was conducted within a 2-week interval. Results: The mean score for self-stigma of depression among study participants was 68.9 (Standard deviation = 8.76) median equal to 71 and range was 47. Descriptive analysis showed that the percentage of those who scored below the mean score (41.7%) is shown less than those who scored above the mean score (58.3%). Preliminary construct validation analysis confirmed that factor analysis was appropriate for the Arabic-translated version of the SSDS. Furthermore, the factor analysis showed similar factor loadings to the original English version. The total internal consistency of the translated version, which was measured by Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.70 to 0.77 for the four subscales and 0.84 for the total scale. Test–retest reliability was assessed in 65 respondents after 2 weeks. Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.70 to 0.77 for the four subscales and 0.84 for the total scale. Conclusions: Face validity, construct validity, and reliability analysis were found satisfactory for the Arabic-translated version of the SSDS. The Arabic-translated version of the SSDS was found valid and reliable to be used in future studies, with comparable properties to the original version and to previous studies
    corecore