N-Methyl D-Aspartic Acid (NMDA) Receptors and Depression

The monoaminergic hypothesis of depression has provided the basis for extensive research into the pathophysiology of mood disorders and has been of great significance for the development of effective antidepressants. Current antidepressant treatments not only increase serotonin and/or noradrenaline bioavailability but also originate adaptive changes increasing synaptic plasticity. Novel approaches to depression and to antidepressant therapy are now focused on intracellular targets that regulate neuroplasticity and cell survival. Accumulating evidence indicates that there is an anatomical substrate for such a devastating neuropsychiatric disease as major depression. Loss of synaptic plasticity and hippocampal atrophy appear to be prominent features of this highly prevalent disorder. A combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors make hippocampal neurons more vulnerable to stress. Abundant experimental evidence indicates that stress causes neuronal damage in brain regions, notably in hippocampal subfields. Stress-induced activation of glutamatergic transmission may induce neuronal cell death through excessive stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Recent studies mention that the increase of nitric oxide synthesis and inflammation in major depression may contribute to neurotoxicity through NMDA receptor. Both standard antidepressants and NMDA receptor antagonists are able to prevent stress-induced neuronal damage. NMDA antagonists are effective in widely used animal models of depression and some of them appear to be effective also in the few clinical trials performed to date. We are still far from understanding the complex cellular and molecular events involved in mood disorders. There appears to be an emerging role for glutamate neurotransmission in the search for the pathogenesis of major depression. Attenuation of NMDA receptor function mechanism appears to be a promising target in the search for a more effective antidepressant therapy

First records of anomalously white harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Turkish seas with a global review

Dede, Ayhan/0000-0002-7712-615X; YESILCICEK, TUNCAY/0000-0002-3236-8227; Tonay, Arda M./0000-0003-2718-9328; Kose, Ozay/0000-0002-3565-160XWOS: 000320413100012Three anomalously white harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were reported in Turkish Seas. One of them was bycaught on 19 June 2011 in bottom gill nets off the eastern coast of the Turkish Black Sea. the second one was observed four times in May and early June 2012 in the Istanbul Strait. the last one was stranded alive on 7 July 2012 in the Istanbul Strait. Records (published and unpublished) of anomalously white harbour porpoises in the world were reviewed. in total, 34 records were found from the world seas: the Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, North Atlantic Ocean and North Eastern Pacific Ocean. According to these records, three patterns of pigmentation were suggested.Recep Tayym Erdogan UniversityRecep Tayyip Erdogan University [BAP 2010.103 03 2]; Istanbul UniversityIstanbul University [BAP 184761, BAP 27942]The authors thank S. Berrow, O K. Didockson, K. Flannery, PG H Evans, A. Gob, Z. Gunelidze, I Hasselmeier, L Hutchings, W Keener, C.C. Kinze, L Morison, S. Pezeril, D. Quigley, K Robinson, D. Schulte, R Sears, A. U for observation data and old photos, A. Beird for photos, A.E. Kutukcu for video in Istanbul Strait, E. Danyer and I Aytemiz for necropsy report, H Bayar for necropsy assistance, 13 Topaloglu for photos of case 3 and logistic, S. Akmermer, K Akmermer and U. Akmermer for help in Size, L Eadie, T de Haas, N. Tonay and Kirecburnu's fishermen in Istanbul, Coast Guard for cooperation in IU/TUDAV Cetacean Stranding Network; V. Onar and P.S C. Turetken for help in fixation case 3, P Korkmazel, K. Guzey/ANIMA for colour grading and video time warping, B. Ozturk, P Gol'din and D Fertl for their valuable advises; A A Ozturk, R. Bilgin, C. Torso for their contributions during editing Case I study was supported by Recep Tayym Erdogan University, Scientific Research Project (BAP 2010.103 03 2). Case 2 study was supported by Istanbul University, Scientific Research Pealed (BAP 184761 Case 3 preserving and exhibit was provided by Istanbul University, Scientific Research Project (BAP 27942

Retrospective evaluation of clinical and pathological features, as well as diagnostic and treatment protocols of primary vaginal malignancy

Objectives: Our study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics and diagnostic and treatment protocols of primary vaginal carcinoma. Also, we compared the clinical and pathological features of primary vaginal carcinoma which intersect with cervical and vulvar carcinomas. Material and methods: Sixteen patients with primary vaginal carcinoma, admitted to the Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital between January 1983 and December 2012, were evaluated retrospectively. FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) Surgical staging was performed. The SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program was used for statistical analyses. Results: The histological distribution of the 16 patients with primary vaginal carcinoma was as follows: 9 patients (56.3%) with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 5 (31.3%) with rhabdomyosarcoma, and 2 (12.5%) with adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: The stage of the disease was found the be the main factor affecting the survival

Short-term outcome of early electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroid versus euthyroid patients*

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac complication of hyperthyroidism. The influence of the time of cardioversion on hyperthyroidism-induced AF remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare short-term outcomes of early electrical cardioversion for AF in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. Methods and Results: Sixty-seven subjects with persistent AF (duration, 10 days–12 months) were divided into two groups according to thyroid function: Euthyroid (Group 1, n = 36, female/male: 23/13, mean age: 61.77 ± 10.45 years) and hyperthyroid (Group 2, n = 31, female/male: 10/21, mean age: 65.43 ± 6.40 years). Two patients were excluded for unsuccessful cardioversion (one in each group). In Group 2, 19 patients had clinical and 11 had subclinical hyperthyroidism. Following transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, cardioversion was performed until the highest energy was reached (270 J) or until sinus rhythm was achieved. AF recurrence was detected in 13 of 35 patients (37.1%) in Group 1 and in 11 of 30 patients (36.9%) in Group 2 (p = 0.96) at one month. Recurrence rate was higher in the clinical hyperthyroid patients than in the subclinical hyperthyroid patients (52.6% vs 9.1%, p = 0.021), but neither the clinical nor the subclinical hyperthyroid subgroups were significantly different from Group 1 in terms of recurrence rate (p = 0.27 and p = 0.13, respectively). Conclusions: Electrical cardioversion should be performed for patients with persistent AF and hyperthyroidism as soon as possible. (Cardiol J 2012; 19, 1: 53–60

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Synthesis, structure determination and molecular modeling studies of 1H-indole-2,3-dione-3-(N-substituted thiosemicarbazone) derivatives and metal complexes

Semikarbazit bileşiklerinde oksijen atomunun yerine kükürt atomu varsa bu bileşiklere tiyosemikarbazit denir. Semikarbazonlar keton veya aldehitin ve semikarbazitinkondensasyon reaksiyonu ile oluşur. Bazı semikarbazonlar ve tiyosemikarbazonlar ve bunların metal komplekslerinin anti-viral ve anti-kanser etki gösterdiği bilinir.Bu çalışmada; isatin-3-(N-(2-florofenil)) tiysemikarbazon [I2FPTH2] ve isatin-3-(N-(2-klororofenil)) tiyosemikarbazon [I2CPTH2] ligandları sentezlenerek ligandların yapılarıFT-IR, UV-Visible, elementel analiz (CHNS), 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR yöntemleriyle;ligandların Zn(II) kompleksleri sentezlenerek komplekslerin yapıları FT-IR, UVVisible,1H-NMR, 13C-NMR yöntemleriyle; Ni(II) kompleksleri sentezlenerek komplekslerin yapıları ise FT-IR, UV-Visible spektrumları yardımıyla aydınlatıldı.Ligandların reaksiyon mekanizması yarı deneysel metot AM1 ile çalışıldı. Ligandlar ile elde edilen Çinko(II) ve Nikel(II) komplekslerinin elektronik ve geometrik parametreleri RHF ve B3LYP metodu 3-21G(d,p), 3-21G*(d,p), 6-31G(d,p), 6-311G(d,p), 6-311+G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), 6-311++G(2d,2p) temel setleri kullanılarak hesaplandı.Ligandların NBO (doğal bağ orbitali) analiz çalışması yapıldı. Ligandların ve Zn(II) veNi(II) komplekslerinin teorik ve deneysel FT-IR, UV, NMR çalışmaları yapıldı.A thiosemicarbazide is an analog with a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom, a semicarbazone is called formed by a condensation reaction between a ketone or aldehyde and semicarbazide. Some semicarbazones, and thiosemicarbazones are known to have anti-viral and anti-cancer activity.In this study, being synthesized isatin-3-N(2-flourophenyll thiosemicarbazone), isatin-3-N-2-chlorophenyl thiosemicarbazone) and their zinc(II) and nickel(II) complexes were synthesized and their structure were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, ultraviolet, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Reaction mechanism of ligands were studied bysemi-empirical method-AM1. The electronic and geometric parameters of ligands and their metal complexes were calculated at the level of the RHF and B3LYP method by using 3-21G, 3-21G*, 6-31G(d,p), 6-311G(d,p), 6-311+G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis sets.NBO analysis of ligands were studied and theoretical and experimental FT-IR, UV and NMR studies for ligands and their Zinc(II) and Nickel(II) complexes were carried on

Phenylethynyl-BODIPY Oligomers: Bright Dyes and Fluorescent Building Blocks

Boradiazaindacene dyes were converted Into phenylethynyl-BODIPY oligomers via a cycle of reactions, notably including Sonogashira couplings. As expected, as the number, n, of repeating units Increases, peak absorption and emission wavelengths are shifted to the red end of the visible spectrum, albeit with smaller increments as n Increases, Decyl groups help to keep the solubility remarkably high, and in addition to being very bright red-emitting fluorophores, their rigid rod-like structures could allow their use as functional building blocks

A 32 Gb/s PAM-16 TX and ADC-Based RX AFE with 2-tap embedded analog FFE in 28 nm FDSOI

This paper presents a 32 Gb/s 16-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-16) source-series-terminated transmitter (TX) and a receiver (RX) analog front-end (AFE) in 28 nm FDSOI. The 8-way time-interleaved successive-approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) in the RX AFE has an embedded 2-tap analog feed-forward equalizer. The design objective is to optimize the energy efficiency for the target data rate and the moderate-loss channel. For this purpose, the optimum modulation order that has the least ISI sensitivity for the given equalization capability is decided with a modeling study. All the equalization is performed in the analog domain to avoid the circuit complexity and power consumption disadvantages of the digital equalization in the selected high-order modulation. Thanks to the spectral efficiency of PAM-16 and the analog-only equalization, the figure-of-merit is improved significantly. Post-layout simulations show that the TX consumes 26.85 mW while the RX AFE consumes 49.36 mW at 32 Gb/s with PAM-16, which corresponds to 2.38 pJ/bit for the whole system