Geographic distribution of the V1016G knockdown resistance mutation in aedes albopictus. A warning bell for Europe

Background: Colonization of large part of Europe by the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is causing autochthonous transmission of chikungunya and dengue exotic arboviruses. While pyrethroids are recommended only to reduce/limit transmission, they are widely implemented to reduce biting nuisance and to control agricultural pests, increasing the risk of insurgence of resistance mechanisms. Worryingly, pyrethroid resistance (with mortality < 70%) was recently reported in Ae. albopictus populations from Italy and Spain and associated with the V1016G point mutation in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene conferring knockdown resistance (kdr). Genotyping pyrethroid resistance-associated kdr mutations in field mosquito samples represents a powerful approach to detect early signs of resistance without the need for carrying out phenotypic bioassays which require availability of live mosquitoes, dedicated facilities and appropriate expertise.Methods: Here we report results on the PCR-genotyping of the V1016G mutation in 2530 Ae. albopictus specimens from 69 sampling sites in 19 European countries.Results: The mutation was identified in 12 sites from nine countries (with allele frequencies ranging from 1 to 8%), mostly distributed in two geographical clusters. The western cluster includes Mediterranean coastal sites from Italy, France and Malta as well as single sites from both Spain and Switzerland. The eastern cluster includes sites on both sides of the Black Sea in Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia as well as one site from Romania. These results are consistent with genomic data showing high connectivity and close genetic relationship among West European populations and a major barrier to gene flow between West European and Balkan populations.Conclusions: The results of this first effort to map kdr mutations in Ae. albopictus on a continental scale show a widespread presence of the V1016G allele in Europe, although at lower frequencies than those previously reported from Italy. This represents a wake-up call for mosquito surveillance programs in Europe to include PCR-genotyping of pyrethroid resistance alleles, as well as phenotypic resistance assessments, in their routine activities

Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions against infectious diseases among crisis-affected populations: a scoping review

BACKGROUND: Colonization of large part of Europe by the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is causing autochthonous transmission of chikungunya and dengue exotic arboviruses. While pyrethroids are recommended only to reduce/limit transmission, they are widely implemented to reduce biting nuisance and to control agricultural pests, increasing the risk of insurgence of resistance mechanisms. Worryingly, pyrethroid resistance (with mortality < 70%) was recently reported in Ae. albopictus populations from Italy and Spain and associated with the V1016G point mutation in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene conferring knockdown resistance (kdr). Genotyping pyrethroid resistance-associated kdr mutations in field mosquito samples represents a powerful approach to detect early signs of resistance without the need for carrying out phenotypic bioassays which require availability of live mosquitoes, dedicated facilities and appropriate expertise. METHODS: Here we report results on the PCR-genotyping of the V1016G mutation in 2530 Ae. albopictus specimens from 69 sampling sites in 19 European countries. RESULTS: The mutation was identified in 12 sites from nine countries (with allele frequencies ranging from 1 to 8%), mostly distributed in two geographical clusters. The western cluster includes Mediterranean coastal sites from Italy, France and Malta as well as single sites from both Spain and Switzerland. The eastern cluster includes sites on both sides of the Black Sea in Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia as well as one site from Romania. These results are consistent with genomic data showing high connectivity and close genetic relationship among West European populations and a major barrier to gene flow between West European and Balkan populations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this first effort to map kdr mutations in Ae. albopictus on a continental scale show a widespread presence of the V1016G allele in Europe, although at lower frequencies than those previously reported from Italy. This represents a wake-up call for mosquito surveillance programs in Europe to include PCR-genotyping of pyrethroid resistance alleles, as well as phenotypic resistance assessments, in their routine activities

The Resource Curse and Rentier States in the Caspian Region : A Need for Context Analysis

Although much attention is paid to the Caspian region with regard to energy issues, the domestic consequences of the region’s resource production have so far constituted a neglected field of research. A systematic survey of the latest research trends in the economic and political causalities of the resource curse and of rentier states reveals that there is a need for context analysis. In reference to this, the paper traces any shortcomings and promising approaches in the existent body of literature on the Caspian region. Following on from this, the paper then proposes a new approach; specifically, one in which any differences and similarities in the context conditions are captured. This enables a more precise exploration of the exact ways in which they form contemporary post-Soviet Caspian rentier states.Obwohl der Region am Kaspischen Meer im Zuge von Energiediskursen große Aufmerksamkeit zuteil wird, stellen die innerstaatlichen Folgen der Ressourcenproduktion in der Region ein bislang vernachlässigtes Forschungsfeld dar. Ein systematischer Überblick über die jüngsten Forschungstrends zu wirtschaftlichen und politischen Kausalzusammenhängen des Ressourcenfluchs und zu Rentierstaaten offenbart die Notwendigkeit von Kontextanalysen. Hierauf Bezug nehmend, analysiert der Aufsatz sowohl die Mängel als auch viel versprechende Ansätze in der betreffenden Literatur zur Region am Kaspischen Meer. Der Aufsatz stellt letztendlich einen neuen Ansatz vor, der Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten in den Kontextbedingungen erfasst, um zu erforschen, wie diese die gegenwärtigen post-sowjetischen Rentierstaaten in der Region am Kaspischen Meer tatsächlich prägen

Integrating climate change criteria in reforestation projects using a hybrid decision-support system

The selection of appropriate species in a reforestation project has always been a complex decision making problem in which, due mostly to government policies and other stakeholders, not only economic criteria but also other environmental issues interact. Climate change has not usually been taken into account in traditional reforestation decision-making strategies and management procedures. Moreover, there is a lack of agreement on the percentage of each one of the species in reforestation planning, which is usually calculated in a discretionary way. In this context, an effective multicriteria technique has been developed in order to improve the process of selecting species for reforestation in the Mediterranean region of Spain. A hybrid Delphi-AHP methodology is proposed, which includes a consistency analysis in order to reduce random choices. As a result, this technique provides an optimal percentage distribution of the appropriate species to be used in reforestation planning. The highest values of the weight given for each subcriteria corresponded to FR (fire forest response) and PR (pests and diseases risk), because of the increasing importance of the impact of climate change in the forest. However, CB (conservation of biodiversitiy)was in the third position in line with the aim of reforestation. Therefore, the most suitable species were Quercus faginea (19.75%) and Quercus ilex (19.35%), which offer a good balance between all the factors affecting the success and viability of reforestation.Curiel Esparza, J.; González Utrillas, NV.; Cantó Perelló, J.; Martín Utrillas, MG. (2015). Integrating climate change criteria in reforestation projects using a hybrid decision-support system. Environmental Research Letters. 10(9):1-13. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094022S113109Amraoui, M., Pereira, M. G., DaCamara, C. C., & Calado, T. J. (2015). Atmospheric conditions associated with extreme fire activity in the Western Mediterranean region. 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Sustainable utility placement via Multi-Utility Tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 39, 15-26. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.001Hódar, J. A., Zamora, R., & Cayuela, L. (2011). Climate change and the incidence of a forest pest in Mediterranean ecosystems: can the North Atlantic Oscillation be used as a predictor? Climatic Change, 113(3-4), 699-711. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0371-7Kane, B., & Finn, J. T. (2014). Factors affecting branch failures in open-grown trees during a snowstorm in Massachusetts, USA. SpringerPlus, 3(1). doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-720Kaya, T., & Kahraman, C. (2011). Fuzzy multiple criteria forestry decision making based on an integrated VIKOR and AHP approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(6), 7326-7333. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.12.003Kinoshita, A. M., & Hogue, T. S. (2015). Increased dry season water yield in burned watersheds in Southern California. Environmental Research Letters, 10(1), 014003. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014003Koprowski, M., & Duncker, P. (2012). Tree ring width and wood density as the indicators of climatic factors and insect outbreaks affecting spruce growth. Ecological Indicators, 23, 332-337. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.04.007Kukavskaya, E. A., Buryak, L. V., Ivanova, G. A., Conard, S. G., Kalenskaya, O. P., Zhila, S. V., & McRae, D. J. (2013). Influence of logging on the effects of wildfire in Siberia. Environmental Research Letters, 8(4), 045034. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/045034Lau, J. A., & Lennon, J. T. (2012). Rapid responses of soil microorganisms improve plant fitness in novel environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(35), 14058-14062. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202319109Lenoir, J., Gegout, J. C., Marquet, P. A., de Ruffray, P., & Brisse, H. (2008). A Significant Upward Shift in Plant Species Optimum Elevation During the 20th Century. Science, 320(5884), 1768-1771. doi:10.1126/science.1156831Lupp, G., Konold, W., & Bastian, O. (2013). Landscape management and landscape changes towards more naturalness and wilderness: Effects on scenic qualities—The case of the Müritz National Park in Germany. Journal for Nature Conservation, 21(1), 10-21. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2012.08.003Marques, A. F., Fricko, A., Kangas, A., Rosset, C., Ferreti, F., Rasinmaki, J., … Gordon, S. (2013). Empirical guidelines for forest management decision support systems based on the past experiences of the expert’s community. Forest Systems, 22(2), 320. doi:10.5424/fs/2013222-03033Martin-Utrillas, M., Juan-Garcia, F., Canto-Perello, J., & Curiel-Esparza, J. (2014). Optimal infrastructure selection to boost regional sustainable economy. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1-9. doi:10.1080/13504509.2014.954023Martin-Utrillas, M., Reyes-Medina, M., Curiel-Esparza, J., & Canto-Perello, J. (2014). Hybrid method for selection of the optimal process of leachate treatment in waste treatment and valorization plants or landfills. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 17(4), 873-885. doi:10.1007/s10098-014-0834-4Mataix-Solera, J., Cerdà, A., Arcenegui, V., Jordán, A., & Zavala, L. M. (2011). Fire effects on soil aggregation: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 109(1-2), 44-60. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.08.002Meddour-Sahar, O., Meddour, R., Leone, V., Lovreglio, R., & Derridj, A. (2013). Analysis of forest fires causes and their motivations in northern Algeria: the Delphi method. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 6(5), 247-254. doi:10.3832/ifor0098-006Mendoza, G. A., & Martins, H. (2006). Multi-criteria decision analysis in natural resource management: A critical review of methods and new modelling paradigms. Forest Ecology and Management, 230(1-3), 1-22. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.03.023Moreno, J. M., Viedma, O., Zavala, G., & Luna, B. (2011). Landscape variables influencing forest fires in central Spain. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 20(5), 678. doi:10.1071/wf10005Navarro-Cerrillo, R. M., Griffith, D. M., Ramírez-Soria, M. J., Pariona, W., Golicher, D., & Palacios, G. (2011). Enrichment of big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) in logging gaps in Bolivia: The effects of planting method and silvicultural treatments on long-term seedling survival and growth. Forest Ecology and Management, 262(12), 2271-2280. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.020Nielsen, M. R., & Treue, T. (2012). Hunting for the Benefits of Joint Forest Management in the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot: Effects on Bushmeat Hunters and Wildlife in the Udzungwa Mountains. World Development, 40(6), 1224-1239. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.11.009Ojea, E., Ruiz-Benito, P., Markandya, A., & Zavala, M. A. (2012). Wood provisioning in Mediterranean forests: A bottom-up spatial valuation approach. 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Climate change influence on runoff and soil losses in a rainfed basin with Mediterranean climate. Natural Hazards, 78(2), 1065-1089. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1759-xReilly, J. R., & Elderd, B. D. (2013). Effects of biological control on long-term population dynamics: identifying unexpected outcomes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51(1), 90-101. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12181Roura-Pascual, N., Richardson, D. M., Krug, R. M., Brown, A., Chapman, R. A., Forsyth, G. G., … Wessels, N. (2009). Ecology and management of alien plant invasions in South African fynbos: Accommodating key complexities in objective decision making. Biological Conservation, 142(8), 1595-1604. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.029Ruiz-Benito, P., Lines, E. R., Gómez-Aparicio, L., Zavala, M. A., & Coomes, D. A. (2013). Patterns and Drivers of Tree Mortality in Iberian Forests: Climatic Effects Are Modified by Competition. PLoS ONE, 8(2), e56843. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056843Saaty, T. L. (2008). 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The religious vocabulary of the British Library Tatar-Byelorussian Kitab

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D33613/81 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo