Status Quo der Vermarktung ökologischer Ziegenmilchprodukte: Sicherung von mikrobiologischer Qualität und Authentizität am Modell der Region Hessen

Für eine Status-Quo-Erhebung am Modell der Region Hessen wurden ökologisch bzw. zu Vergleichszwecken konventionell erzeugte Ziegenmilchprodukte (Ziegenkäse) aus Direktvermarktung und Handel auf mikrobiologische Qualität und tierartspezifische Authentizität untersucht. Die mikrobiologischen Untersuchungen von 183 Proben zeigen, dass Ziegenkäse aus regionaler Direktvermarktung in Hessen hinsichtlich Gesundheitsrisiken durch pathogene Keime kein über dem für vergleichbare Produkte liegendes Problem darstellt. Für Ziegenkäse aus einigen Betrieben wurden aber deutliche Hygienemängel festgestellt, in Produkten zweier Betriebe (davon ein ökologisch wirtschaftender Direktvermarkter) mit den stärksten Hygienemängeln wurden zudem Listeria monocytogenes nachgewiesen. Die molekularbiologische Untersuchung von 160 als reine Ziegenmilchprodukte deklarierten Proben mittels PCR ergab, dass - mit Ausnahme der Produkte eines auffälligen Betriebes - ökologischen Produkte aus regionaler Direktvermarktung keine Kuhmilchzusätze enthielten. Bei Importprodukten war der Anteil positiver Proben je nach Ursprungsland sehr unterschiedlich. Insgesamt ergab sich für die untersuchten Parameter somit ein überwiegend positives Gesamtbild, die Produkte einzelner Betriebe mussten jedoch als problematisch angesehen werden. Aufgrund der Befunde erscheint es sinnvoll, zur Sicherstellung einer durchgehend guten Qualität und der gesundheitlichen Unbedenklichkeit in einigen Bereichen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf mikrobiologische Hygienemarker, verstärkt Routineuntersuchungen durchzuführen

Presencia de Enterobacteriaceae productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en tanques de leche de fincas lecheras de Antioquia, Colombia

ABSTRACT: antibiotic resistance is spreading worldwide. It is important to evaluate whether foods of animal origin constitute a reservoir of resistance genes. Objective: to assess the occurrence and characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae from bulk-tank milk samples of dairy farms located in Entrerríos, Antioquia (Colombia). Methods: a total of 120 randomly selected raw milk samples (one bulk-tank milk sample per dairy farm) were collected between September and October, 2013. A commercial chromogenic agar was used for screening presumptive ESBL-E. Identification of genus and species of isolates was performed with a commercial biochemical identification kit. The ESBL production was confirmed using the double disc synergy test. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the agar disc diffusion method and the automatized broth microdilution method. The ESBL-positive isolates were analyzed for the presence of bla genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. For the exploration of risk factors, information on dairy farm management practices wasrecorded using a questionnaire and the associations of predictors and results were tested with a logistic regression analysis. Results: the ESBL-E were isolated from 3.3% (4/120; CI 95%: 3-3.5%) of the samples. Farm size was the only factor associated with the presence of ESBL-E (OR = 11.5; CI 95%: 1.14-115.54; p = 0.038). All isolates were resistant to several antibiotics and harbored blaCTX-M-96 (alternate name CTX-M-12a) enzymes. Conclusion: although apparent frequency of ESBL-E waslow, the presence of these resistant bacteria in milk may constitute a public health risk and should be further investigated.RESUMEN: la resistencia a antibioticos se está diseminando en el mundo. Es importante evaluar si los alimentos de origen animal constituyen un reservorio de genes de resistencia. Objetivo: evaluar la presentación y caracterizar las Enterobacteriaceae productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) a partir de muestras de leche de tanque de hatos lecheros localizados en Entrerríos, Antioquia (Colombia). Métodos: ciento veinte muestras de leche cruda (una muestra por tanque) de hatos seleccionados al azar fueron colectadas entre septiembre y octubre de 2013. Para el tamizaje de presuntiva BLEE se utilizó un agar cromogénico comercial. La identificación de los aislamientos se realizó utilizando un kit de identificación bioquímica comercial. La confirmación de la producción de BLEE fue confirmada con la prueba de sinergia de doble disco. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana fue evaluada por el método de difusión de disco en agar y por el método de microdilución en caldo automatizado. Aislamientos positivos para BLEE fueron analizados para presencia de genes bla por PCR y secuenciación. Para la exploración de los factores de riesgo se registró la información sobre las prácticas de manejo del hato mediante cuestionario y se probó la asociación entre predictores y resultados mediante análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: las BLEE fueron aisladas de 3,3% (4/120; IC 95%: 3-3,5%) de las muestras de leche de tanque y el tamaño del hato fue el único factor que se encontró asociado con un incremento en su presencia (OR = 11,5; IC 95%: 1,14-115,54; p = 0.038). Todos los aislamientos fueron resistentes a varios antibióticos y albergaban enzimas blaCTX-M-96 (nombre alternativo CTX-M-12a). Conclusión: aunque se observó una baja frecuencia aparente de BLEE, la presencia de estas bacterias resistentes en los alimentos de origen animal puede constituir un riesgo para la salud publica y debe seguir siendo investigada

Seropositivity of Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma Gondii in Pregnant Women and IgG Avidity Tests

Purpose: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rubella, and Toxoplasma gondii (T.gondii) infections cause congenital malformations in the fetus when they occur in pregnant women, especially in the first trimester. This study aimed to determine the seropositivity of CMV, Rubella, and T.gondii in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: CMV, Rubella, and T. gondii seropositivity rates of pregnant women who applied to the Aksaray Training and Research Hospital Microbiology Laboratory between July 2019 and June 2021 were evaluated. In addition, the avidity test results studied during this period were included in the study. Results: A total of 3218 pregnant women were included in the study. CMV, Rubella, and T.gondii IgM seropositivity rates were 1.9%, 0.8%, and 1.4%, respectively, and these rates for IgG were 97.3%, 83.9%, and 21%, respectively. All the samples were found to have high avidity in CMV and Rubella. In the T.gondii group, 93.7% of women had high, and 6.7% had low avidity. Conclusion: CMV, Rubella, and T.gondii seropositivity were determined for the first time in Aksaray province in this study. These rates we found are similar to other studies in our country. No difference was found in CMV IgM and IgG according to age groups, while a decrease was found in Rubella with age. In T.gondii, on the other hand, it was observed that there was an increase in IgG with age, while the rate did not change in IgM

Presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in bulk-tank milk of bovine dairy farms in Antioquia, Colombia

Background: antibiotic resistance is spreading worldwide. It is important to evaluate whether foods of animal origin constitute a reservoir of resistance genes. Objective: the aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence and characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae from bulk-tank milk samples of dairy farms located in Entrerríos, Antioquia (Colombia). Methods: a total of 120 randomly selected raw milk samples (one bulk-tank milk sample per dairy farm) were collected between September and October, 2013. A commercial chromogenic agar was used for screening presumptive ESBL-E. Identification of genus and species of isolates was performed with a commercial biochemical identification kit. The ESBL production was confirmed using the double disc synergy test. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the agar disc diffusion method and the automatized broth microdilution method. The ESBL-positive isolates were analyzed for the presence of bla genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. For the exploration of risk factors, information on dairy farm management practices was recorded using a questionnaire and the associations of predictors and results were tested with a logistic regression analysis. Results: the ESBL-E were isolated from 3.3% (4/120; CI 95%: 3-3.5%) of the samples. Farm size was the only factor associated with the presence of ESBL-E (OR = 11.5; CI 95%: 1.14-115.54; p = 0.038). All isolates were resistant to several antibiotics and harbored blaCTX-M-96 (alternate name CTX-M-12a) enzymes. Conclusion: although apparent frequency of ESBL-E was low, the presence of these resistant bacteria in milk may constitute a public health risk and should be further investigated. .   Resumo Palavras chave: CTX-M-12A, gado, leite crua, resistência aos antibióticos, saúde pública

CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-55 Producing Escherichia coli in Milk from Dairy Farms in West Java, Indonesia

This study was aimed to determine the occurrence of CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-55 producing Escherichia coli isolated from milk samples in West Java, Indonesia

PCR-based detection of genes encoding virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine subclinical mastitis cases

The present study was carried out to genotypically characterize Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from bovine mastitis cases. A total of 37 strains of S. aureus were isolated during processing of 552 milk samples from 140 cows. The S. aureus strains were characterized phenotypically, and were further characterized genotypically by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers that amplified genes encoding coagulase (coa), clumping factor (clfA), thermonuclease (nuc), enterotoxin A (entA), and the gene segments encoding the immunoglobulin G binding region and the X region of protein A gene spa. All of the isolates yielded an amplicon with a size of approximately 1,042 bp of the clfA gene. The amplification of the polymorphic spa gene segment encoding the immunoglobulin G binding region was observed in 34 isolates and X-region binding was detected in 26 isolates. Amplification of the coa gene yielded three different products in 20, 10, and 7 isolates. The amplification of the thermonuclease gene, nuc, was observed in 36 out of 37 isolates. All of the samples were negative for the entA gene. The phenotypic and genotypic findings of the present strategies might provide an understanding of the distribution of the prevalent S. aureus clones among bovine mastitis isolates, and might aid in the development of steps to control S. aureus infections in dairy herds

How Should Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreaks Be Characterized?

Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the most common food-borne diseases and results from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in food by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. To date, more than 20 SEs have been described: SEA to SElV. All SEs have superantigenic activity whereas only a few have been proved to be emetic, representing a potential hazard for consumers. Characterization of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (SFPOs) has considerably progressed compared to 80 years ago, when staphylococci were simply enumerated and only five enterotoxins were known for qualitative detection. Today, SFPOs can be characterized by a number of approaches, such as the identification of S. aureus biovars, PCR and RT-PCR methods to identify the se genes involved, immunodetection of specific SEs, and absolute quantification by mass spectrometry. An integrated gene-to-protein approach for characterizing staphylococcal food poisoning is advocated

Presence of intestinal Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) DNA is not associated with altered MMP expression in ulcerative colitis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Mycobacterium avium </it>subspecies <it>paratuberculosis </it>(MAP) is suspected to be a causative agent in human Crohn's disease (CD). Recent evidence suggests that pathogenic mycobacteria and MAP can induce the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), which are the main proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal ulcerations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Within this study we assessed the prevalence of intestinal MAP specific DNA in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), and healthy controls. We further analysed regulation patterns of MMPs in mucosal tissues of UC patients with and without intestinal MAP DNA detection.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Colonic biopsy samples were obtained from 63 Norwegian and German IBD patients and 21 healthy controls. RNA was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study MMP gene expression in both pathological and healthy mucosal specimens. The presence of MAP DNA in colonic mucosa was examined using MAP specific PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>MAP DNA was detected in 20% of UC patients and 33% of healthy controls but only in 7% of patients with CD. UC patients treated with corticosteroids exhibited a significantly increased frequency of intestinal MAP DNA compared to those not receiving corticosteroids. Expression of MMP-1, -2, -7, -9, -13, -19, -28 and TNF-α did not differ between UC patients with presence of intestinal MAP DNA compared to those without. MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-13 were significantly decreased in UC patients receiving corticosteroids.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The presence of intestinal MAP specific DNA is not associated with altered MMP expression in UC <it>in vivo</it>. Corticosteroids are associated with increased detection of intestinal MAP DNA and decreased expression of certain MMPs. Frequent detection of MAP DNA in healthy controls might be attributable to the wide environmental distribution of MAP and its presence in the food-chain.</p