Identification of Nephelium lappaceum leaves phenolic and flavonoid component with radical scavenging, antidiabetic and antibacterial potential

360-365Nephelium lappaceum Linn. (Rambutan) is traditionally claimed, as a source of natural antioxidants and for its use in the treatment of diabetes and bacterial infections. The present study investigates the in vitro effect of ethanolic Rambutan leaves extract (NL) for its antioxidant effect, α-glucosidase, α-amylase enzyme inhibition, and antibacterial potentials. The total phenolic, total flavonoid content of NL was quantified and were expressed in terms of gallic acid (19.6±0.04 mg GAE/g) and rutin equivalents (16.7±0.01 mg RUE/g) respectively. The antioxidant assay revealed that NL exhibited significant inhibition of DPPH (IC50±SEM: 1.52±0.03 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50±SEM: 1.295±0.05 μg/mL) radicals. NL also inhibited both α-amylase (IC50±SEM: 2.624±0.07 μg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50±SEM: 2.416±0.06 μg/mL) enzyme activities, supported by its antioxidant potential and its phenolic and flavonoid content. The antibacterial activity was screened against seven human pathogenic ATCC strains for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were recorded. The selected MIC dose was tested, confirmed by Kirby-Bauer agar well diffusion method. NL exhibited MIC and MBC of 62.5 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL against B.subtilis and E.coli respectively. The results support the scientific claim of NL for its antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial potential

Identification of Nephelium lappaceum leaves phenolic and flavonoid component with radical scavenging, antidiabetic and antibacterial potential

360-365Nephelium lappaceum Linn. (Rambutan) is traditionally claimed, as a source of natural antioxidants and for its use in the treatment of diabetes and bacterial infections. The present study investigates the in vitro effect of ethanolic Rambutan leaves extract (NL) for its antioxidant effect, α-glucosidase, α-amylase enzyme inhibition, and antibacterial potentials. The total phenolic, total flavonoid content of NL was quantified and were expressed in terms of gallic acid (19.6±0.04 mg GAE/g) and rutin equivalents (16.7±0.01 mg RUE/g) respectively. The antioxidant assay revealed that NL exhibited significant inhibition of DPPH (IC50±SEM: 1.52±0.03 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50±SEM: 1.295±0.05 μg/mL) radicals. NL also inhibited both α-amylase (IC50±SEM: 2.624±0.07 μg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50±SEM: 2.416±0.06 μg/mL) enzyme activities, supported by its antioxidant potential and its phenolic and flavonoid content. The antibacterial activity was screened against seven human pathogenic ATCC strains for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were recorded. The selected MIC dose was tested, confirmed by Kirby-Bauer agar well diffusion method. NL exhibited MIC and MBC of 62.5 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL against B.subtilis and E.coli respectively. The results support the scientific claim of NL for its antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial potential

Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

BACKGROUND The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery. METHODS We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values. FINDINGS 292 982 (95% UI 261 017-327 792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376 034 (343 483-407 574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1-1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6-3·6) in Iceland. INTERPRETATION Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation